West Russianism

West Russianism (Russian: западнорусизм, zapadnorusizm; Belarusian: заходнерусізм, zakhodnierusizm) is a historical and ideological movement in the scientific, socio-political, ethno-confessional, and cultural life of the Northwestern Krai of the Russian Empire (modern Belarus). It is based on the postulate that Belarusians are not a distinct people, but an ethnographic group of the triune Russian nation, and that Belarus is an integral regional part of Russia.[1] It is the Belarusian analogue to the concept of Little Russian identity, which played a significant role in the self-identification of the southwestern governorates of the Russian Empire.[2] The ideology emerged in the late 1830s and expanded significantly after the suppression of the January Uprising (1863–1864).

History

According to the Belarusian historian Aliaksandr Cvikievič, the formation of the ideas later termed West Russianism began during the era of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a reaction to the decrees of the Synod of Zamość (1720), which obliged the Greek Catholic clergy to bring their worship and lifestyle closer to Roman Catholic canons.[3]

According to Yakov Treshchenok, the catalyst for West Russianism was the so-called "dissident question" (the issue of unequal rights for Catholics and representatives of other confessions). He asserts that the foundational complex of West Russian ideas was formed under the ideological leadership of the Orthodox Bishop of Belarus, George Konissky, in the second half of the 18th century.[4] The development of West Russianism was also influenced by the ideas of Slavophilia, developed by Aleksey Khomyakov, Ivan Kireyevsky, and Ivan Aksakov.[3][5]

The ideas of West Russianism developed within the circle of the Bishop of Vilna, Joseph Semashko, particularly in connection with the Synod of Polotsk in 1839, which abolished the Uniate Church in the Russian Empire. The theory of West Russianism was scientifically formalized in the works of the Russian historian Mikhail Koyalovich (born in the Grodno Governorate), who introduced the term "Western Russia" into academic discourse to denote the modern territory of Belarus.

In 1863, Koyalovich ridiculed the "bucolic view" of "Polish writers" that Lithuania and Poland existed in "blissful peace." He characterized Lithuania by the presence of "Russian regions," which he distinguished from the "Muscovite state" (Eastern Russia, the realm of Ivan III). Koyalovich actively used the word "Belorussians" to denote the population of the Minsk, Vilna, Vitebsk, Mogilev, Grodno, and parts of the Pskov and Smolensk governorates. According to him, Belorussians were distinct from "Little Russians" (the population of the Kyiv, Podolia, and Volhynia governorates) and "before the Tatar yoke" constituted "one people". He emphasized that the inhabitants of Western Russia always called themselves Russian. The principle of unity, in his view, lay in faith ("Russian by faith") and citizenship. However, Koyalovich preferred to call Belorussians and Little Russians "Western-Russian Slavs." He used the term "Lithuanians" to refer to the Samogitians (the population of the Kovno Governorate). According to Koyalovich, it was only due to the Union of Krewo in 1386 that the Russians of Lithuania began to be drawn into the "Polish and Latin nation," i.e., "Polonized" and "Latinized," a process that peaked with the Union of Lublin in 1569. He viewed the "frenzy of Ioann" (the policies of Ivan the Terrible, which compromised the "Russian cause") and the "Lithuanian boyars," who desired "szlachta privileges," as obstacles to the reunification of Western and Eastern Russia. He blamed the Cossacks for "chaotic unconsciousness," making them more terrible than the Tatars.

Other prominent representatives of West Russianism included Grigory Kiprianovich, Platon Zhukovich, Konstantin Kharlampovich, Afanasy Yarushevich, Arseny Turtsevich, and A. Demyanovich. Communities of West Russianists formed around several publications, such as the journals "Vestnik Zapadnoi Rossii" (edited by Ksenofont Govorsky), "Krestyanin", "Okrainy Rossii", and the newspapers "Den", "Moskovskie Novosti", "Novoye Vremya", "Severo-Zapadnaya Zhizn", "Minskoye Slovo", "Minskoye Russkoye Slovo", and "Belorusskiy Vestnik".[6]

The terms "Belarusian people" and "White Rus'" were not widely used among the general population at the time. As the philologist and ethnographer Yefim Karsky, who was close to West Russianist circles, wrote in 1903:

At present, the common people in Belorussia do not know this name. To the question: who are you? the commoner answers — Russian, and if he is a Catholic, he calls himself either a Catholic or a Pole; sometimes he calls his homeland Lithuania, or simply says that he is "tutejszy" (local), naturally contrasting himself with a person speaking Great Russian, as a newcomer to the Western Krai.

— Yefim Karsky, Belarusians. Vol. I, Ch. IV., p. 116.

According to some researchers, in pre-revolutionary Russia, West Russianist views were dominant among the Belarusian population.[7][8] A. D. Gronsky notes that Soviet historiography, in contrast, maintained the view that the absolute majority of Belarusians supported the Belarusian national movement.[7] Overall, West Russianism significantly influenced the views of the Belarusian intelligentsia, especially in the eastern part of the region. As Mitrofan Dovnar-Zapolsky pointed out, there were "left" and "right" wings among West Russians, attributing greater or lesser importance to the distinctiveness of Belarusians.[9]

According to historian Alexander Bendin, in the Northwestern Krai, the confessional factor played a leading role in producing ethnic differences. He argues that until 1917 and beyond, the Belarusian population at the mass level did not feel the need to politically formalize its existence as a distinct ethnic group, separate from Great Russians and Little Russians.[10] Instead, they identified as part of the "Russian nationality," having regional peculiarities and speaking the Belarusian dialect, but remaining an integral part of the Russian nation.[10] Bendin points to the fact that Russian nationalists and Octobrists won an absolute majority of seats in the Belarusian governorates during the elections to the Third State Duma and Fourth State Duma as confirmation of this.[11]

In the 1920s and 1930s, the Bolshevik authorities implemented the policy of Belarusianization to foster a separate Belarusian national identity.[12][13] This policy, however, faced resistance from some segments of the population.[14][15] Concurrently, West Russianism and West Russian identity were persecuted as obstacles to the national consolidation of Belarusians.[16]

Ideologists of Belarusian nationalism, such as Aliaksandr Cvikievič and Vaclau Lastouski, attempted to scientifically prove the invalidity of West Russianism. Although the scaling back of "Belarusianization" in the early 1930s and the onset of repressions against "national democrats" reduced the intensity of attacks on West Russianism, it remained an undesirable "reactionary" doctrine for the Soviet authorities.[16] Only a few figures of the Belarusian diaspora, such as Jurka Vićbič, continued to write about West Russianism. Vićbič noted that some representatives of the left wing of West Russians, including Dovnar-Zapolsky, were ideologically close to the "Belarusian national liberation movement" but, for various reasons, did not join it.[16]

Historian Alexander Bendin argued that the criticism of West Russianism was fundamentally flawed, stating: "First of all, it must be clearly stated that the definition of 'West Russianism' given by A. Cvikievič cannot be classified as scientific".[17]

Neo-West Russianism

In the 1990s, proponents of West Russian ideas began to voice their views again in Belarus. This group included historians, philosophers, religious scholars, sociologists, economists, and lawyers, such as Yakov Treshchenok, Valentina Teplova, Alexander Bendin, Alexander Gronsky, Aleksey Khoteev, Valery Cherepitsa, Sergey Shiptenko, Lev Krishtapovich, Kirill Averyanov, Dmitry Kunitsky, Gordey Shcheglov, Vsevolod Shimov, and Cheslav Kirvel. They argued that the foundations of scientific Belarusian historiography, philology, ethnography, and folkloristics were laid specifically by the works of West Russianists.[18] The viewpoint was formulated that West Russianism is also a version of the Belarusian national movement.[16]

During the same period, criticism of West Russianism from representatives of the Belarusian national movement also renewed.[16] Historian and literary scholar Alaksiej Kauka gave an exclusively negative characterization of West Russianism, defining it as a "cadaveric virus in the Belarusian national organism" and a precursor to Soviet and post-Soviet assimilationist policies.[19]

Many supporters of West Russianism consider the term "Neo-West Russianism" inadequate and unacceptable.[20]

According to political scientist and Slavist Oleg Nemensky, West Russianism is the most natural and historical direction of thought in Belarus. He believes that the modern intellectual movement of West Russianism is engaged in reviving the vast pre-revolutionary heritage of West Russian thought and could once again become a crucial factor in Belarusian cultural life and, eventually, a component of state ideology.[21] Nemensky argues that the victory of West Russianism can, in a sense, be declared today, as Belarusians have firmly returned to Orthodoxy and overwhelmingly desire to live in a unified political and informational space with Russia and Ukraine.

Prominent figures

See also

References

  1. ^ Носевич, В. Л. (1998). Белорусы: становление этноса и «национальная идея» [Belarusians: The Formation of an Ethnos and the "National Idea"]. Белоруссия и Россия: общества и государства (in Russian). Москва: Права человека. pp. 11–30.
  2. ^ Горизонтов, Л. Е. (2007). Украинско-белорусские исторические и историографические параллели [Ukrainian-Belarusian Historical and Historiographical Parallels]. Україна—Білорусь. Політичні, економічні та культурні аспекти взаємин (in Russian). Чернівці-Вільнюс.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ a b Цьвікевіч, А. (1993). «Западно-руссизм». Нарысы з гісторыі грамадскай мысьлі на Беларусі у XIX і пачатку XX в. ["West-Russianism". Essays on the history of social thought in Belarus in the 19th and early 20th centuries] (in Belarusian). Мінск. p. 8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Трещенок, Я. И. (2002). "Две белорусские национальные идеи (католический национал-сепаратизм и православная национальная идея)". VII Международные Кирилло-Мефодиевские чтения... Материалы чтений [7th International Cyril and Methodius Readings... Proceedings] (in Russian). Минск: Ковчег.
  5. ^ Шидловский, С. О. (2013). Из проектов И. С. Аксакова по социокультурному обустройству Северо-Западного края Российской империи [From the Projects of I. S. Aksakov on the Socio-Cultural Arrangement of the North-Western Krai of the Russian Empire]. Славяноведение (in Russian) (5): 78–85.
  6. ^ Тихомиров, А. В. Беларусь в международных отношениях 1772—1914 гг. [Belarus in international relations 1772-1914] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2014-04-26. Retrieved 2009-07-06.
  7. ^ a b Гронский, А. Д. Образ Российской империи и белорусского национального движения в новом школьном учебнике по истории Белоруссии [The image of the Russian Empire and the Belarusian national movement in the new school textbook on the history of Belarus] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2014-04-27. Retrieved 2024-10-10.
  8. ^ Заблоцкая, М. В. (2012). Идеи «западноруссизма» в политической и культурно-национальной жизни Беларуси в конце XIX — начале XX века [Ideas of "West Russianism" in the political and cultural-national life of Belarus at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century]. Русский сборник. Исследования по истории России (in Russian) (12).
  9. ^ Довнар-Запольский, М. В. (2003). История Белоруссии [History of Belorussia] (in Russian). Минск. pp. 421–422.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ a b Бендин, Ю. А. Проблемы этнической идентификации белорусов 60-х гг. XIX — начала XX вв. в современной историографии [Problems of ethnic identification of Belarusians in the 1860s - early 20th centuries in modern historiography] (PDF) (in Russian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-10-11.
  11. ^ "Экономическое и политическое развитие Беларуси в 1907—1913 гг" [Economic and political development of Belarus in 1907-1913]. ИСТОРИЯ БЕЛАРУСИ (XX — начало XXI в.) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2008-09-29. Retrieved 2008-08-18.
  12. ^ Бендин, А. Ю. (1996). «Нацыянальная адраджэнне» ў вышэйшай школе Беларусі (канец 20-х — пачатак 30-х гадоў) ["National Revival" in the higher schools of Belarus (late 20s - early 30s)]. Нацыянальная самасвядомасць і выхаванне молодзі (in Belarusian). Мінск. pp. 25–36.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ Лосев, В. (2002-05-01). Белоруссия и Россия: нужны иные формы воссоединения [Belorussia and Russia: other forms of reunification are needed]. Страны СНГ. Русские и русскоязычные в новом зарубежье (in Russian) (51).
  14. ^ Беларусізацыя 1920-я гады. Дакументы і матэрыялы [Belarusianization 1920s. Documents and materials] (in Belarusian). Мінск: Белорусский государственный университет. 2001.
  15. ^ "Политика белорусизации" [The policy of Belarusianization]. ИСТОРИЯ БЕЛАРУСИ (XX — начало XXI в.) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  16. ^ a b c d e Горизонтов, Л. Е. (2011). Западнорусизм в мире идентичностей межславянского пограничья. Историографические наблюдения [West Russianism in the world of identities of the inter-Slavic borderland. Historiographical observations]. Славянский мир: в поисках идентичности. Кн. 8 (in Russian). Москва: Институт славяноведения РАН. pp. 930–939.
  17. ^ Бендин, А. Белорусские националисты и «западнорусизм»: опыт взаимоотношений [Belarusian nationalists and "West Russianism": the experience of relationships] (in Russian). zapadrus.su. Archived from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
  18. ^ Трещенок, Я. И. (2004). История Беларуси. Ч. 1 [History of Belarus. Part 1] (in Russian). Могилёв. pp. 256–258.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  19. ^ Каўка, А. (1992). Тэрыторыя ці нацыя? [Territory or Nation?]. Беларусіка. Albaruthenica. Кн. 2 (in Belarusian). Мінск. pp. 42–48.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  20. ^ Западнорусизм или неозападнорусизм: проблема терминологии [West Russianism or Neo-West Russianism: the problem of terminology] (in Russian). zapadrus.su. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2016-01-30.
  21. ^ Неменский, О. Б. (2012-07-24). Эксперт: Чтобы в Белоруссии победило «литвинство», страну надо лет на 50 превратить в концлагерь [Expert: For "Litvinism" to win in Belarus, the country must be turned into a concentration camp for 50 years] (in Russian). REGNUM. Archived from the original on 2012-07-25.

Bibliography

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