Vladimir Neumann

Vladimir Abramovich Neumann (Russian: Владимир Абрамович Нейман; 10 February 1889 – 21 September 1938), also known as Victor Alexandrovich Berg but more commonly known by his nom de guerre "Nikolsky,"[2] was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and a participant in the 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.

Biography

Early life and Russian Civil War

On February 10, 1889, Neumann was born to a Jewish family in Chitkan, Barguzin district, Transbaikal Oblast.[3] He studied at the Chita Commercial School in his early years and worked as an employee in a private shop in Chita from 1912 to 1916.[4] He began serving as a private in the 16th Siberian Infantry Reserve Regiment of the Imperial Russian Army in 1916 and was discharged in 1917.[3] He was mobilized into Alexander Kolchak's army in 1919 and defected to the Red Army the same year.[3] He joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1921 and became active with the Communist International (Comintern) the same year.[5]: 229  From 1921 to 1923, he served in the intelligence department of the Revolutionary People's Army of the Far Eastern Republic. In 1921, he worked in the China Department of the Secretariat of the Far Eastern District of the Russian Communist Party.[3][6]

China

In June 1921, Neumann using the nom de guerre "Nikolsky" arrived in Shanghai, being sent by the Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist International in Irkutsk with the task of leading and attending a congress to form a national-level communist party.[5]: 229, 233  Nikolsky met with another Comintern representative from the Netherlands, Henk Sneevliet, and they urged Li Da to convene a congress with the various communist cells across the country to found a party.[5]: 233  On July 23, 1921, Nikolsky attended the 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in Shanghai,[7][5]: 229–231  and delivered a speech at the meeting about the goals of the Profintern.[4] Nikolsky left Shanghai in October or November the same year.[5]: 229 

Later life

From 1922 to 1925, he worked in the reconnaissance section of the Far Eastern Frontier Plenipotentiary Representative Office and carried out underground work in places such as Manchuria.[4] After 1925, he worked in the Far Eastern Frontier and served as the head of the Foreign Affairs Department of the Far Eastern Frontier Leadership Committee. During the 1929 Sino-Soviet conflict, he was responsible for sabotage and underground work in Pogranichny. From 1930 to 1932, he was responsible for intelligence work against the Empire of Japan in Heihe City, and worked on Operation Maki Mirage.[3] From 1933 to 1935, he worked in the Far Eastern Frontier Internal Affairs Department in Shanghai. From 1935 to 1937, he served as the plenipotentiary representative of the 7th Department of the State Security Leadership Committee of the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs, during which time he carried out underground work in the Republic of China.[3][4]

Death

In February 1938, during the Great Purge, he was arrested in Khabarovsk and accused of being a spy for the Empire of Japan and a Trotskyist.[8] Following a ten-minute show trial, he was executed by firing squad in Khabarovsk on September 21, 1938.[8] On November 8, 1956, the Military Tribunal of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union posthumously exonerated him.[4]

Legacy

Because Nikolsky's life and career were largely unknown for a long time, he was called the "forgotten" participant of the 1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party or the "fifteenth person" of the 1st National Congress.[4][1] In the 1986, Chinese diplomats asked Mikhail Gorbachev for assistance in locating biographical materials and photographs of Nikolsky.[4] Mongolian and Russian archival scholars later located a photograph of Nikolsky.[1][4] In September 2007, a photograph of Nikolsky was first displayed at the Site of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.[4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Российские и монгольские ученые помогли найти фотографии и архивные документы, касающиеся 15-го участника 1- го съезда КПК" [Russian and Mongolian scholars helped find photographs and archival documents related to the 15th participant of the 1st CCP Congress.]. People's Daily (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  2. ^ Shichor, Yitzhak (December 2020). "Combining Contradictions: Jewish Contributions to the Chinese Revolution" (PDF). International Journal of China Studies. 11 (2). University of Malaya. ISSN 2180-3250.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Нейман Владимир Абрамович" [Vladimir Abramovich Neiman]. www.hrono.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i ""被遗忘的中共一大参加者"尼克尔斯基的照片与生平史料发现经过" [The Discovery of Photos and Biographical Materials about Nikolsky, a Forgotten Participant in the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party] (in Chinese). People's Daily Online. May 25, 2011. Archived from the original on September 9, 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e Yoshihiro, Ishikawa (2012-01-31). The Formation of the Chinese Communist Party. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/ishi15808. ISBN 978-0-231-50416-4. JSTOR 10.7312/ishi15808. OCLC 840119719.
  6. ^ 徐元宫 (June 2009). "中共一大参加者尼科尔斯基的真实身份" [The true identity of Nikolsky, a participant in the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]. Contemporary World Socialism (in Chinese). 2. Ministry of Education and Shandong University: 72–79.
  7. ^ Tamiatto, Jérémie (2008-02-01). "Un missionnaire de la révolution en Chine: L'action de Maring au sein du mouvement communiste chinois, 1921-1923". Bulletin de l'Institut Pierre Renouvin (in French). 27 (1): 159–174. doi:10.3917/bipr.027.0159. ISSN 1276-8944.
  8. ^ a b "Подвиг разведчика. Из книги С. Николаева «Маки-Мираж». Печатается в сокращении., 16 августа 2008" [A scout's feat. From S. Nikolaev's book "Maquis-Mirage." Published in abridged form, August 16, 2008]. Amurskaya pravda (in Russian). August 16, 2008. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
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