Declarations of independence of Vietnam

Current Vietnamese historians considers that Vietnam has had a total of three declarations of independence:

  1. The poem Nam quốc sơn hà (Mountains and rivers of Southern country) was written in 1077 by Lý Thường Kiệt and recited next to the defense line of the Như Nguyệt river (Cầu river), originally with the reason to incentive the spirit of the soldiers.[1]
  2. Bình Ngô đại cáo (Great Proclamation upon the Pacification of the Wu) was written by Nguyễn Trãi to speak in the name of Bình Định vương Lê Lợi in the Đinh Mùi year (1427), announcing the pacification of the Ming army, regaining the national independence, establishing the Later Lê dynasty.[2][3]
  3. The Declaration of Independence (Tuyên ngôn độc lập) was written by Hồ Chí Minh and announced at Ba Đình Square, Hanoi, on September 2, 1945, declared independence from Japan and France, founding the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam).[4]

References

  1. ^ Lê Văn Quân Ph.D. (2006). "Bài thơ NAM QUỐC SƠN HÀ là bản tuyên ngôn độc lập đầu tiên của nước Việt Nam ta (The Poem 'Southern Country's Mountains and Rivers' is the first declaration of independence of Vietnam our country" Tạp chí Hán Nôm (Han-Nom Magazine), 1 (74); p. 3-8. Online version (in Vietnamese)
  2. ^ Womack, Brantly (2006). China and Vietnam: the politics of asymmetry. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-521-85320-0. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  3. ^ Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-313-29622-7. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
  4. ^ "Cứu Quốc số 36" [National Salvation]. National Library of Vietnam (in Vietnamese). 5 September 1945. Retrieved 14 March 2026.
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