Victor Ninov

For the athlete, see Viktor Ninov.

Victor Ninov
Виктор Нинов
Born (1959-06-27) 27 June 1959
People's Republic of Bulgaria
Alma materTechnische Universität Darmstadt
Known forfraud investigation concerning the discovery of various superheavy elements
Scientific career
FieldsNuclear physics
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Berkeley
ThesisDer gasgefüllte Separator als Separationsmethode zum Nachweis von Transuranen (1992)

Victor Ninov (Bulgarian: Виктор Нинов; born 27 June 1959) is a Bulgarian physicist and former researcher who worked primarily in creating superheavy elements. He is known for the co-discoveries of elements 110, 111, and 112 (darmstadtium, roentgenium, and copernicium, respectively).[1]

Ninov also claimed the creation of elements 116 and 118 (now livermorium and oganesson);[2][3] however, an investigation conducted by the University of California, Berkeley concluded that he had falsified the evidence. The repercussions of the affair had an impact on the guidelines of conduct for several research institutions.

Early life

Victor Ninov was born in Bulgaria in 1959.[4] He grew up in the capital city of Sofia.[5] In the 1970s, when Ninov was a teenager, he and his family left for West Germany,[6] Shortly after the move, Victor's father went missing; he was found dead six months later in the Bulgarian foothills due to causes unknown.[6]

Career

Victor Ninov attended Technische Universität Darmstadt near Frankfurt, Germany.[6][7] He distinguished himself as a very capable physicist: he was particularly good at building scientific instruments and coding analysis programs for them.[6][1]

He was hired by the nearby German research center GSI (Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung), where he completed his doctorate and pursued postdoctoral work creating new elements.[6][8]

For his expertise, he was given sole control of the computer analysis program.[6] Here, he became a rising star by co-discovering darmstadtium (element 110), roentgenium (element 111), and copernicium (element 112) by smashing ion beams into heavy elements using GSI's UNILAC (a type of particle accelerator) and analyzing the debris.[6][1] Though an investigation later determined that the discovery of elements 110 and 112 included samples fabricated by Ninov, the overall results were validated on further examination, rendering his co-discovery legitimate.[1][9] These discoveries were facilitated by Ninov's addition of a gas separator to the particle accelerator to help filter out everything but the heavy elements they were looking for.

After working at Stanford University, Ninov[5] was hired by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) in 1996 as a world class expert in particle accelerator debris sensors and analysis programs.[6]

Fraud investigation

While working at LBNL, Ninov and his team pursued a hypothesis by Robert Smolańczuk, then a visiting fellow from Poland on a Fulbright scholarship, that element 118 could be formed at relatively low energies by smashing 86Kr and 208Pb isotopes together.[10][6] This hypothesis was dubbed "Robert's magic recipe", and it was highly controversial at the time. Ninov initially doubted the hypothesis he was pursuing; he is quoted as saying, "We didn't know how many orders of magnitude he [Smolańczuk] was wrong".[6]

As in some earlier research projects, Ninov had exclusive control of the data analysis program (LBNL's was called GOOSY) since he was the only team member who knew how to use it.[6] In 1999, Ninov and his team reported sightings of element 118, almost exactly as in Smolańczuk's hypothesis, and a decay chain that also produced element 116.[6][11][1][10] However, other laboratories were unable to reproduce the results.[12]

Eager to prove their discovery, the team double-checked their instruments, and tried again.[6] One more sighting was made by Ninov, but it was dismissed by a colleague and a formal investigation was launched.[6] The original element 118 data were independently analysed. In the original binary data, there was no indication of the presence of element 118 or 116.[6][11][1][10][12] The investigation eventually concluded that Ninov had fabricated the data.[12]

Ninov, who had been placed on leave for the investigation, was dismissed.[6][1] The rest of Ninov's team officially retracted their claims in 2002.[11] There was also an investigation conducted into Ninov's previous unsupervised science at GSI; it was found that "two sightings were spuriously created" (one of element 110 and another of element 112).[1][9] However these false sightings were found amongst a large amount of real data that still supported his co-discoveries of elements 110 and 112.[1] The GSI investigation concluded that the discovery of those elements was legitimate.[1]

The superheavy elements 116 and 118 were eventually discovered and verified in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia from 2000 to 2002.[12] These elements were named livermorium and oganesson respectively.[2][3] In 2010, some of the nuclides that were originally claimed as decay products of element 118 were truly synthesized at LBNL; the 2010 observations did not match the claimed 1999 data.[13] Ninov has continued to maintain that he was innocent.[6]

Impact on the scientific community

The findings shocked the scientific community as Ninov had been a highly respected physicist.[6] In fact, Albert Ghiorso, a physicist who co-discovered 12 elements and a close collaborator of Glenn Seaborg, once called Ninov "a younger version of himself". It was also troubling that so many co-authors of the LBNL's 1999 paper had been unaware that their discoveries were false.[14] The affair resulted in stricter guidelines for coauthors, clarifying their roles and duties and requiring them to vouch for their contributions to published work.[14][15]

The American Physical Society called for increased ethical training and oversight at research institutions and sponsored educational efforts to make the scientific community more resilient to scientific fraud.[15] Reports on the Ninov affair were released around the same time as the final report on the Schön affair, another major incident of data falsification in physics, and this amplified its impact.[15]

Personal life

His wife, Caroline Cox, a former history professor at University of the Pacific, died in 2014 of cancer. They were married for 23 years. Ninov had helped her finish her book, Boy Soldiers of the American Revolution, and it was published posthumously. He pilots a four-seat plane, an Aero Commander.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Dalton, Rex (18 July 2002). "California lab fires physicist over retracted finding". Nature. 418 (6895): 261. Bibcode:2002Natur.418..261D. doi:10.1038/418261b. PMID 12124581.
  2. ^ a b Ninov, Viktor (1999). "Observation of Superheavy Nuclei Produced in the Reaction of 86Kr with 208Pb". Physical Review Letters. 83 (6): 1104–1107. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.1104N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1104.
  3. ^ a b Johnson, George (15 October 2002). "At Lawrence Berkeley, Physicists Say a Colleague Took Them for a Ride". The New York Times.
  4. ^ Fontani, Marco; Costa, Mariagrazia; Orna, Mary Virginia (20 November 2014), "The Obsession of Physicists with the Frontier: The Case of Ausonium and Hesperium, Littorium and Mussolinium", The Lost Elements, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oso/9780199383344.003.0016, ISBN 978-0-19-938334-4, retrieved 13 November 2023{{citation}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link)
  5. ^ a b c Sauro, Tony (23 July 2016). "Final assignment: Family, friends and colleagues help complete late Pacific professor's book". recordnet. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Monastersky, Richard (16 August 2002). "Atomic Lies: How One Physicist May Have Cheated in the Race to Find New Elements". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  7. ^ "Welcome to TU Darmstadt" [Darmstadt University of Technology]. Technische Universität Darmstadt. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  8. ^ GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung (17 January 2012). "GSI - About us". www.gsi.de. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  9. ^ a b Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; et al. (1 July 2002). "New results on elements 111 and 112". The European Physical Journal A. 14 (2): 147–157. Bibcode:2002EPJA...14..147H. doi:10.1140/epja/i2001-10119-x. S2CID 8773326.
  10. ^ a b c Seife, Charles (19 July 2002). "Heavy-element fizzle laid to falsified data. (Heavy-Ion Physics)". Science. doi:10.1126/science.297.5580.313.
  11. ^ a b c Schwarzschild, Bertram (September 2002). "Lawrence Berkeley Lab concludes that evidence of element 118 was a fabrication". Physics Today. 55 (9): 15–. Bibcode:2002PhT....55i..15S. doi:10.1063/1.1522199.
  12. ^ a b c d Weiss, P (July 2002). "Heavy Suspicion". Science News. 162: 2 – via Academic Search Complete.
  13. ^ Public Affairs Department (26 October 2010). "Six New Isotopes of the Superheavy Elements Discovered: Moving Closer to Understanding the Island of Stability". Berkeley Lab. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  14. ^ a b Park, Robert L (2008). "Fraud in Science". Social Research. 75 (4): 1135–1150. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.1389. doi:10.1353/sor.2008.0010. S2CID 141705050.
  15. ^ a b c Overbye, Dennis (19 November 2002). "After Two Scandals, Physics Group Expands Ethics Guidelines". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
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