Verstummte Stimmen

Verstummte Stimmen (Silenced Voices) is a project of travelling exhibitions by the historian Hannes Heer, the music critic Jürgen Kesting and the designer Peter Schmidt, beginning in 2006. It covered, as the full title said, Die Vertreibung der 'Juden' aus der Oper 1933 bis 1945 (The Expulsion of the 'Jews' from the Opera House from 1933 to 1945). The project was divided in a general section and local sections. The general section exposed the biographies of 44 people, composers, conductors, directors and singers, who were engaged at German and Austrian opera houses and became victims of Nazi racism against Jews. The exhibition travelled to several locations, Hamburg, Berlin, Stuttgart, Darmstadt, and Dresden, where additional local sections dealt with the history of expulsion at the individual opera house; the last station was Bayreuth in 2012 where part of it was retained permanently in a park.

The exhibitions began in Hamburg at both the Hamburg State Opera and the Axel Springer Galerie.^[1][2] The second station was Berlin, at the Berlin State Opera and the Centrum Judaicum at the New Synagogue.^[3] The third station was Stuttgart, at the Staatstheater Stuttgart and the House of History Baden-Württemberg.^[4] The fourth station was 2009 Darmstadt, at the Staatstheater Darmstadt, the Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt and the Heinrich-Emanuel-Merck-Schule.^[5] The fifth station was Dresden, from May to July 2011 at the Semperoper.^[6][7] The last station was Bayreuth from 2012, where a part was presented at the town hall, while the general part was exposed in the Richard-Wagner-Park next to the Festspielhaus where it remained, entitled Die Bayreuther Festspiele und die Juden 1876–1945 (The Bayreuth Festival and the Jews 1876 to 1945).^[8][9]

The larger general section is focused on 44 biographies of people who were expelled from their positions in opera houses, ikncluding composers Arnold Schönberg, Kurt Weill, Viktor Ullmann, conductors Fritz Busch, Otto Klemperer, Bruno Walter, singers Gitta Alpár, Vera Schwarz, Delia Reinhardt, Lydia Kindermann, Richard Tauber, Joseph Schmidt, Friedrich Schorr and Emanuel List. Four positions to listen to audio examples provided samples of music in historic context.^[10]

In Hamburg, Berlin and Stuttgart, around 5% of people engaged at the opera houses were dismissed, driven to exile or transported to concentration camps. In Darmstadt, more than 15% were victims, and eleven additional cases remain unclear.^[11]

25 Jewish members of the Hamburg State Opera were dismissed, eight soloists including soprano Sabine Kalter,^[12] three conductors, six chorus members, two orchestra players, four theatre physicians, a dramaturge, a director and the head of the workshop.^[13]

The local exhibition in Stuttgart focused on the dismissal of the intendant, Albert Kehm, and the administrative director, Otto Paul; others were driven away including director Harry Stangenberg, soloists Hermann Weil, Ernestine Färber-Strasser, Hermann Horner and Reinhold Fritz, chorus members Max Heinemann, Leon Aschil, Elsa Reder and Erna Both, the dancer Suse Rosen, orchestra player Julius Brauer, repetiteur Fritz Rothschild, and actors Eva Heymann, Ernst Waldow and Fritz Wisten. Paul Hindemith, Ernst Krenek and Lotte Lehmann were also victims; they decided for exile.^[14][4]

The Darmstadt local exhibition of 2009 pointed at a "cleaning process" at the Darmstädter Landestheater; its victims were the intentdant, thirty musicians, dramaturges, actors, scenic designers and prompters, as well as 29 technical employees. Among the first victims were conductor Hermann Adler and intendant Gustav Hartung who was declared unacceptable; he resigned and went into exile in Switzerland.^[15][16]

In Bayreuth, part of the exhibition was presented in the new town hall, another part entitled Verstummte Stimmen. Die Bayreuther Festspiele und die Juden 1876–1945 was installed in the Richard-Wagner-Park close to the Festspielhaus. This part is a memorial to performers of the Bayreuth Festival and were not accepted again, mostly because of Jewish roots. It remains in the park permanently.^{[8][9][17][18]}

• Exhibition catalogues by Hannes Heer, Jürgen Kesting und Peter Schmidt. Metropol-Verlag, Berlin
  • Verstummte Stimmen. (Berlin: Staatsoper unter den Linden / Krolloper). 2008. ISBN 978-3-938690-98-7, 126 pages
  • Verstummte Stimmen. Der Kampf um das Württembergische Landestheater Stuttgart. Berlin 2008. ISBN 978-3-940938-14-5, 126 pages
  • Verstummte Stimmen. Der Kampf um das Hessische Landestheater Darmstadt. 144 pages. Berlin 2009. ISBN 978-3-940938-54-1, 144 pages
  • Verstummte Stimmen. Die Vertreibung der "Juden" und "politisch Untragbaren" aus den Dresdner Theatern 1933 bis 1945. 2011, ISBN 978-3-86331-032-5, 176 pages
  • Hannes Heer; Sven Fritz; Heike Drummer; Jutta Zwilling: Verstummte Stimmen. Die Vertreibung der "Juden" und "politisch Untragbaren" aus den hessischen Theatern 1933 bis 1945. 2011, ISBN 978-3-86331-013-4, 420 pages
  • Verstummte Stimmen. Die Bayreuther Festspiele und die "Juden" 1876 bis 1945. Festival Park Bayreuth and Exhibition Hall at the New Town Hall, 22 July to 14 October 2012. 2012, ISBN 978-3-86331-087-5, 412 pages
• Sound documents
  • Verstummte Stimmen : die Vertreibung der "Juden" aus der Oper 1935–1945. 4 CDs and booklet. Membran International, Hamburg 2006, ISBN 978-3-86735-385-4/EAN 4011222324764

• Official website Archive (in German)