Vau i Dejës Hydroelectric Power Station

Vau i Dejës Hydroelectric Power Station
An aerial photo of the station and its reservoir
Interactive map of Vau i Dejës Hydroelectric Power Station
LocationVau i Dejës gorge, Albania
Coordinates42°00′49″N 19°38′09″E / 42.01361°N 19.63583°E / 42.01361; 19.63583
Construction began1971
Opening date1973
OwnerAlbanian Power Corporation
Dam and spillways
ImpoundsDrin river
Height76 m (249 ft)
Spillway capacity7,500 m3/s (16,000,000 cu ft/min) or 7,740 m3/s (16,400,000 cu ft/min)
Reservoir
CreatesLake Vau i Dejës
(Albanian: Liqeni i Vaut të Dejës)[1]: 374 
Total capacity580,000,000 m3 (2.0×1010 cu ft) (maximum)
263,000,000 m3 (9.3×109 cu ft) (active)[2]: 5 
Surface area26 km2 (10 sq mi)[1]: 374 
Maximum length20 km (12 mi)
Power Station
OperatorAlbanian Power Corporation
Commission date1973
Turbines5 × 50 MW Francis turbines
Installed capacity250 MW
Annual generation1000 Gwh
Website
https://www.kesh.al/en/service/hec-vau-i-dejes/

The Vau i Dejës Hydroelectric Power Station[a] is a hydroelectric dam on the Drin river, in Albania, near the settlement of Vau i Dejës. Completed in 1973, the project consists of five turbines of French origin, each with a nominal capacity of 50 Megawatt (MW), for a total capacity of 250 MW. It is operated by the Albanian Power Corporation.[3]

The Vau i Dejës power station is the most downstream of the three dams of the Drin river cascade,[4][1]: 374  with the power stations of Fierza and the Koman upstream.[1]: 360 

The hydroelectric station was turned into a hybrid power station, with the installation of photovoltaic panels on one of its dams. As of 2026, there are plans to add more photovoltaics, on its two other dams as floating solar and ground-mounted photovoltaics, as well as to incorporate wind turbines.

History

China agreed to provide funding for the power station, in September 1967.[5][2]: 5  Due to the Albanian–Soviet split, China assisted Albania with various major industrial processes.[6] Construction began in the autumn of 1971,[6][2]: 5 [7]: 492  during Albania's fifth five-year plan.[2]: 5 [7]: 492  Soon after its completion in 1973, it provided more than half of Albania's electricity[5]: 53  and was the first dam on the Drin river.[2]: 4  The dam's construction created Lake Vau i Dejës and increased Albania's electricity-generating capacity. This supported industrial development and contributed to electricity exports.[1]: 374 

Previously, the dam was called the Mao Zedong Hydropower Plant[6][8]: 14 [b] and was the largest hydroelectric project in Albania.[10][6] The Mao Zedong plant generated 250,000 kW of power, across two small hydroelectric and two medium-sized thermal power stations.[6] A reservoir accompanied the dam.[10] According to Time Magazine, the hydroelectric plant "brought electricity to every rural district".[9]

The power station, along with Koman Hydroelectric Power Station and Fierza Hydroelectric Power Station, was described to be one of Albania's "communist legacies". By January 1994, these dams generated 1.5 million kilowatts (kW) of electricity; their reservoirs were also used for tourism and transportation.[11] This group of dam has also been described as the "three main hydropower" units in Albania.[12]: 20 

Vau i Dejës has experienced regular flooding, which has impacted the area around Shkodër. In 2010–2011, flooding was particularly acute. In 2018, concerns arose that the dam could flood like 2010–2011 once again, after heavy rainfall, a sudden rise in temperatures, and increased water flow. As the reservoir approached capacity, the dam was forced to release water. Payments were made to Shkodër for damage caused by repeated flooding.[3] As of 2026, the dam causes floods and soil erosion in Lake Koman.[2]: 6 

In 2010, Styzostedion lucioperca, a fish that is invasive in Albania, was found in Lake Vau i Dejës, where it spread to Drin river. This was suspected to be because of flooding causing the dam's management to open the spillways, where the fish then entered.[13]

In 2025, the Agence Française de Développement and the Albanian Power Corporation signed a memorandum on the development of the Drin river's dams (including Koman, Fierza, and Vau i Dejës plants). Mainly, France focused on modernizing existing energy infrastructure through technical assistance, in hopes of developing storage capacity, mitigating flooding, and optimizing electricity generation. In the five years prior, France was increasingly involved in Albania's energy sector.[14]

Design and operation

The dam is located on Vau i Dejës gorge, 18 km (11 mi) away from Shkodër ,[2]: 5  being 75 m (246 ft) at its tallest.[15]: 200  Besides electricity generation, it is also important for its water discharges, which have a major effect on flooding in the lowlands of Lezha and Shkodër.[2]: 5  It is the lower part of the Drin river cascade. Vau i Dejës Lake, the dam's reservoir,[1]: 374  has a maximum volume of 580,000,000 m3 (2.0×1010 cu ft), although its active volume is 263,000,000 m3 (9.3×109 cu ft),[1]: 374  or possibly 0.68 km3 (0.16 cu mi).[15]: 200  It has a surface area of 26 km2 (10 sq mi) according to some estimates,[1]: 374  and 25 km2 (9.7 sq mi) according to others.[2]: 5  The station's safe maximum flow for a 1-in-10,000-year event, a standard measure used in risk assessment, is 10,000 m3/s (21,000,000 cu ft/min) and its total discharge capacity is 7,500 m3/s (16,000,000 cu ft/min)[12], or 7,740 m3/s (16,400,000 cu ft/min).[16]: 517  The plant operates five vertical Francis turbines, each with 50 MW of power, for a total installed power of 250 MW.[12]: 17 [2]: 5 [15]: 200  To connect with a substation, the station has synchronous generators that use three-phase electric power and transformers; it also contains auxiliary devices and control systems. Annually, on average, it produces 1000 Gigawatt-hours (GWh) of electricity[2]: 5 , or 870 GWh[15]: 200 . Originally, Vau i Dejës HPP employed Chinese technology and equipment, but these were replaced with mechanical equipment from Andritz AG and electrical and control installations from Alstom between 2003 and 2007.[2]: 5 

Instead of solid waste pollution, which is more prevalent upstream, wastewater and flooding, caused by numerous, year-round rainfalls, are Vau i Dejës's main problems. In January and December 2010 the area experienced its largest flood to date; the water loads in Buna were 3,600 m3/s (130,000 cu ft/s) and 4,000 m3/s (140,000 cu ft/s). Regularly, overflows in local bodies of water are caused by heavy, prolonged rainfall in the winter and snowmelt. These floods, caused by the Vau i Dejës HPP's floodgates and the nonuse of the drainage system (in addition to dams upstream), have prevented the deposition of sediments and solid materials brought by the river, resulting in coastal erosion. The area around Vau i Dejës HPP is sparsely populated as of 2026, yet road deterioration has resulted in companies throwing waste into the Vau i Dejës lake and local rivers. Due to a lack of construction, chemically inert waste has decreased.[2]: 6 

There are few residential centres or businesses along its reservoir.[2]: 6 

In 2022, Belinda Balluku, the Albanian Minister of Infrastructure and Energy, said there were plans to develop a wind power plant within Vau i Dejës HPP, in addition to solar projects.[17][18][19] Balkan Green Energy News argued that combining wind and solar was particularly effective at reducing intermittency of power generation: wind turbines generate power at night and in the winter, when solar outputs are lower.[18][19] In 2023, the project was described as the potential first sufficiently-large-scale hybrid plant combining solar, hydro, and wind generation, for utility usage, pending completion. At the time, hybrid power plants were relatively new but increasing in prevalence. Most other hybrid power plants used fossil fuels, but plans for integration of other renewable sources and batteries were on the rise.[18]

Privately owned hydropower units (Ashta 1 and 2) are located beneath Vau i Dejës HPP.[18]

In 2023, a technical report published by the Albanian Power Corporation reported that the equipment was outdated, and some of it was in an extremely poor condition. While it had not yet caused any problems, it could fail and cause interruptions in electricity generation in the future. Rehabilitation was recommended to combat further increase in risk, which led to the undertaking of the CONNECTA2 project in 2025, with the goal of creating a plan for rehabilitation. A rehabilitation is predicted to bring in 5.4 million euros in additional annual revenue, and generate 74 thousand MWh more per year.[20]

Floating photovoltaics

In 2018, the Albanian Power Corporation submitted a proposal to construct a 12.9 MW floating photovoltaics plant, on the Vau i Dejës stations's reservoir, to the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure.[21] In 2020, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development considered giving a loan of either €9.5 million, according to PV Magazine;[22] or of €9.75 million, according to Balkan Green Energy News; to the Albanian Power Corporation for the construction of the plant.[23] Ultimately, the European Bank approved a €9.1 million loan in April 2021.[19][24][25] The lender said that the construction of floating solar would decrease Albania's reliance on hydroelectric revenue.[22] The loan was the first of its kind from an international financial institution.[25]

The new floating photovoltaics would produce €13.94 million worth of electricity, and would "strengthen [the station's] operational and financial performance" according to Balkan Green Energy News. The approval date for the loan was scheduled to be 21 October 2020. The photovoltaics, covering 11.8 ha (29 acres) of the reservoir, would prevent algae growth, reduce water evaporation, and improve water quality. At the time, an Environmental and social due diligence (ESDD) was ongoing to determine possible environmental impacts. According to Balkan Green Energy News, the new addition was a part of Albania's trend of energy diversification, driven by energy vulnerability to droughts.[23] According to Energy Industry Review, this development was a larger part of Albania's ambition to develop its solar capacity, along with the 140 MW Karavasta project and the 100 MW Spitalle project. It was also a part of the commercialization of the Albanian Power Corporation.[24][25]

The completed solar panels at Qyrsaq, one of the three dams of the Vau i Dejës reservoir, have a capacity of 5.1 MW and an annual output of 7 GWh.[19] The solar unit occupies 2.5 hectares (6.2 acres) of the total 3.2 ha (7.9 acres) available on the dam.[18] In 2021, the Albanian Power Corporation also stated that there were plans to install photovoltaic panels at Zadeja dam, and other buildings in Vau i Dejës HPP. As of 2023, it was planned to be 8.25 MW in capacity and to span 40 ha (99 acres) of the total 48.6 ha (120 acres) available. They also said that they would utilise both ground-mounted and floating solar panels. Hybrid power plants, like Vau i Dejës, provide a stabler energy supply to clients. Consequently, grid and storage costs for investors decrease. Hydropower plants, like Vau i Dejës HPP, have significant space for photovoltaic installation.[18][19] A bid for project design, engineering, construction, commissioning and a two-year maintenance was started, ending on July 3 2023. The Albanian Power Corporation valued the investment at €7.6 million, excluding value-added tax. The contractors would be responsible for installing a control and monitoring system for the solar power plants on two of Vau i Dejës HPP's dams. SENA will only be responsible for future photovoltaic projects.[17] In 2024, Masdar was chosen to be the contractor, thereby creating a joint venture with the Albanian Power Corporation.[26]

In total, the floating solar project would be the largest in Europe, as of 2023, with 12.9 MW of peak capacity and 17.6 GWh of average annual output. It would cover 0.45%, or 11 ha (27 acres), of Lake Vau i Dejës.[18]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ Albanian: Hidrocentrali i Vaut të Dejës, abbreviated Vau i Dejës HPP
  2. ^ Also called the Mao Ce Dun Hydropower Plant,[8]: 14 , or Mao Tse-tung hydroelectric plant[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Bakiu, Rigers (21 April 2020). Drina River (Sava’s Tributary of Danube River) and Human Impact in Albania. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-37242-2_17. ISBN 978-3-030-37242-2.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Osmani, Marilda; Hoxha, Belinda; Resmeliu, Dorina; Mazrreku, Armela; Kucaj, Enkelejda; Anira Gjoni, Ing. (November 2023). "ENVIRONMENTAL AND LIVELIHOOD IMPACTS OF DAMS: A CASE STUDY". Alblakes 4 - International Conference on “Building Resilience of water ecosystems through scientific knowledge". Supplement to "Thalassia Salentina". Elbasan, Albania. ISSN 0563-3745. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
  3. ^ a b "Gjiknuri in Vau i Dejës: Controlled discharges, no risk of massive flooding". Balkanweb. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2026.
  4. ^ Pompejano, Federica (26 June 2023). The Planning of Socialist Urbanity: The New City of Kukës in Albania. NZL. p. 380. doi:10.55939/a5035pmg1t.
  5. ^ a b Strange, Austin (21 December 2023). Chinese Global Infrastructure (EPUB). Elements in Global China. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009090902. ISBN 978-1-009-09090-2.
  6. ^ a b c d e Hall, D. R. (1975). "Some Developmental Aspects of Albania's Fifth 5-Year Plan 1971-5". Geography. 60 (2): 129–130. ISSN 0016-7487.
  7. ^ a b Jacques, Edwin E. (30 January 2009). The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7864-4238-6. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  8. ^ a b "Österreichische Osthefte". Österreichische Osthefte. 29. University of Michigan. 1987.
  9. ^ a b "The World: Fear That Guards the Vineyard". United States: Time. 7 September 1971. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  10. ^ a b Gkitsa, Dimitra (1 June 2025). "Chimneys and Electric Wires Conquering the Sky: The Great Transformation of Nature in Socialist Albania". ARTMargins. 14 (2): 90. doi:10.1162/artm_a_00414.
  11. ^ Rugg, Dean S. (January 1994). "Communist Legacies in the Albanian Landscape". Geographical Review. 84 (1). Geographical Review: 65. doi:10.2307/215781. Retrieved 28 January 2026.
  12. ^ a b c Gjoka, Firalba (4 July 2016). "Challenges and Prospects of Foreign Direct Investments in Hydropower Sector in Albania". University for Business and Technology International Conference. Epoka University. doi:10.33107/ubt-ic.2017.238. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  13. ^ Raxhimi, Altin. "Killer Fish Meets Its Match Among Albania's Fishermen | Albanian Economy News". Albanian Economy news. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  14. ^ Spasić, Vladimir (18 April 2025). "Albania's KESH, France's AFD sign MoU on hydropower management, energy storage". Balkan Green Energy News. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
  15. ^ a b c d Nasi, Luis (2022). "A Review of the Electrical Energy Sector in Albania and Kosovo". Foreign Policy Review. 15 (1): 197–218. doi:10.47706/KKIFPR.2022.1.197-218. Retrieved 13 March 2026.
  16. ^ Alcani, Majlinda; Shuli, Mariglen; Hoxha, Artan (25 December 2025). "Pumped-Storage Energy Systems for the Drin River Cascade: A Case Study". Journal of Transactions in Systems Engineering. 3 (3): 508–521. doi:10.15157/JTSE.2025.3.3.508-521. ISSN 2806-2973. Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  17. ^ a b Todorović, Igor (7 June 2023). "Albania seeks contractor for second PV plant on hydropower dam". Balkan Green Energy News.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Todorović, Igor (2 January 2023). "Half century old hydropower plant in Albania is becoming innovative energy hub". Balkan Green Energy News. Retrieved 8 February 2026.
  19. ^ a b c d e Todorović, Igor (16 December 2021). "Hydropower dam in Albania gets PV plant, new RES capacities to be added". Balkan Green Energy News. Retrieved 8 February 2026.
  20. ^ Mitre, Ola (20 February 2026). "Vau i Dejës HPP requires full rehabilitation - KESH starts drafting the strategy, the intervention will bring over 5.4 million euros additional per year". SCANTV. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
  21. ^ Bellini, Emiliano (5 December 2018). "Floating PV conquers two new countries". pv magazine. Retrieved 28 January 2026.
  22. ^ a b Bellini, Emiliano (3 August 2020). "Albanian utility set to move forward with 12.9 MW floating PV project". pv magazine. Retrieved 28 January 2026.
  23. ^ a b Todorović, Igor (4 August 2020). "EBRD may lend EUR 9.75 million to KESH for floating solar power plant". Balkan Green Energy News. Retrieved 7 February 2026.
  24. ^ a b Energy Industry Review (2 April 2021). "KESH's First Floating Solar Photovoltaic Plant in Albania". Energy Industry Review. Energy Industry Review. Retrieved 8 February 2026.
  25. ^ a b c Shtjefni, Angjelin; KeçI, Hasimin (2022). "Production of electrical energy from renewable sources of energy in Albania" (PDF). Ingenious. 2 (1): 123. doi:10.58944/wuuc5475. Retrieved 7 March 2026.
  26. ^ Todorović, Igor (26 November 2024). "Albania's KESH to add pumps to hydropower cascade for energy storage". Balkan Green Energy News. Retrieved 8 February 2026.
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