Urban kibbutz

An urban kibbutz (Hebrew: קיבוץ עירוני, Kibbutz Ironi) is a form of kibbutz located within an existing city. There are currently just over 100 in Israel, totalling around 2,000 members.[1]

Although there were attempts to form urban kibbutzim in the early 20th century, their success was limited and most failed.[2] The idea was revived in the 1970s when a number of co-operative communities were established by former kibbutz members and Nahal graduates with the aim of retaining the kibbutz lifestyle whilst moving into mainstream society.[1][3] They have since taken on an increasing role in the delivery of social services. For example, in Haifa the city council asked members of the HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed youth movement to form an urban kibbutz in the Hadar neighbourhood to work with at-risk children.[4] Some standard kibbutzim, such as Mesilot, began as urban kibbutzim.

Definitions

The Israeli Registrar of Cooperative Societies classifies ‘kibbutz’ as a subcategory of ‘cooperative organisations’, and ‘urban kibbutz’ as a subcategory of ‘kibbutz’. Urban Kibbutz is defined in the Cooperative Societies Regulations (2007) as “[a] cooperative society that functions for social contribution to and participation in Israeli society, organised on principles of self-labour and of cooperation in income, consumption and education on the basis of its members’ equality.”[5]

List of urban kibbutzim

References

  1. ^ a b Eli Ashkenazi (23 January 2008). "What is an urban kibbutz?". Haaretz. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  2. ^ Shulamit Reinharz (March 2008). "An Urban Kibbutz in Jerusalem". The Jewish Advocate. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  3. ^ James Horrox (2011). "City Communes in Israel". Communal Societies. 31 (2). ISSN 0739-1250.
  4. ^ Fadi Eyadat (27 December 2006). "Urban kibbutz youth steer at-risk teens away from life of crime". Haaretz. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  5. ^ Cooperative Societies Regulations: A comprehensive collection of subsidiary legislation under the Cooperative Societies Ordinance including measures of the “New kibbutz” up-to-date as of September 1, 2007, Haifa: A.G. Publications. p. 5.
  6. ^ Melanie Lidman (29 November 2009). "Housing on the horizon?". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  7. ^ Daniel Gavron (2000). The Kibbutz: Awakening from Utopia. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 245–257. ISBN 9780847695263.
  8. ^ James Horrox (2012). "The New Kibbutzim: Case Study Overview of the Structure, Organization, and Management of a Kibbutz of Kvutzot". Communal Societies. 32 (2): Article 5.

Further reading

  • Yuval Dror (2013) "The New Communal Groups in Israel: Urban Kibbutzim and Groups of Youth Movement Graduates," in M. Palgi and S. Reinharz (eds.), One Hundred Years of Kibbutz Life: A Century of Crises and Reinvention, Routledge
  • Daniel Gavron (2000). The Kibbutz: Awakening from Utopia, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield
  • James Grant-Rosenhead (2003), “A New Kibbutz Movement” C.A.L.L., Issue 22, Fall, Tel Aviv: Yad Tabenkin, 8-9
  • James Horrox (2012) "The New Kibbutzim," Communal Societies, 32(2).
  • James Horrox (2011). "City Communes in Israel," Communal Societies, 31(2).
  • James Horrox (2007). "Rebuilding Israel's Utopia," Zeek, October 7, 2007.
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