1866 National Union Convention

The National Union Convention (also known as the Arm-In-Arm Convention) was held on August 14–16, 1866, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[1]

Convention

The convention was called in Philadelphia before the midterm elections of 1866, in an attempt to encourage political support for US President Andrew Johnson, who was under attack by both moderate and Radical Republicans. Johnson's friends tried to rally support for his lenient pro-South Reconstruction policies. Some hoped to create a new political party, but that goal was not realized.[2] For their part, Republican-aligned newspapers called it the Rebel–Johnson convention, insinuating Johnson's true loyalty was to the Confederacy.[3]

Delegates gathered at a hastily built temporary structure that was designed to accommodate the several thousand people expected to attend. Formally called "the Wigwam," the immense edifice was on Girard Avenue, between 19th and 20th Streets, across from Philadelphia's Girard College.[2]

About 7000 prominent politicians and activists attended the convention. At its opening, representatives from Massachusetts (General Darius Nash Couch) and South Carolina (Governor James Lawrence Orr) paraded arm-in-arm to symbolize national reconciliation and social equity. The convention was called to order by US Postmaster General Alexander Randall. General (and former New York Governor and Senator) John Adams Dix served as the temporary chairman and Wisconsin Senator James R. Doolittle served as permanent convention president.

In the end, the convention was not successful in unifying the country behind Johnson. He launched a speaking tour (known as the "Swing Around the Circle") hoping to regain public and political support. On the speaking tour, Johnson at times attacked his Republican opponents with crude and abusive language and on several occasions appeared to have had too much to drink. Ultimately, the tour was a disaster for Johnson and emboldened Congress to override him and to impeach him in 1868.[2]

Aftermath

In an effort to counter the National Union Convention's support for Johnson, a group of Southern Radical Republicans who opposed Johnson's Reconstruction policy organized the Southern Loyalists' Convention, which was held on September 3, 1866 in Philadelphia's Independence Hall.[4][5]

The September convention voted on a resolution supporting black suffrage. Governor Arthur I. Boreman argued against it as "we did not come here to commit suicide" and that passing the resolution would have them "damned to all eternity". Frederick Douglass, attending the convention despite pleas from Oliver P. Morton, was one of two black delegates to the convention and argued for passing the resolution.[6]

On September 7, delegates to the Southern Loyalists' Convention voted to pass a resolution endorsing universal male suffrage.[7][8]

Notable attendees

Notable attendees of the National Union Convention include:

Clement Vallandigham, a copperhead from Ohio, was elected to the convention but withdrew to avoid disturbing the harmony of the convention.

See also

References

  1. ^ McKitrick (1960), pp. 394–420.
  2. ^ a b c Wagstaff (1968).
  3. ^ "Johnson argues post-Civil War Congress is unrepresentative". The Franklin Repository. 1866-08-29. p. 2. Archived from the original on 2023-07-22. Retrieved 2023-07-22 – via Newspapers.com.
  4. ^ "The Tribune Tracts. — No. 2: The Southern Loyalists' Convention". Library of Congress. New York Tribune. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
  5. ^ Abbott 1986, p. 66.
  6. ^ Abbott 1986, p. 66-71.
  7. ^ "Image 2 of Urbana union (Urbana, Ohio), September 12, 1866". Library of Congress. Urbana Union. Retrieved 7 June 2026.
  8. ^ Gallman, J. Matthew (2006). America's Joan of Arc: The Life of Anna E. Dickinson. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83.

Works cited

Further reading

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