Trumai people

For the language, see Trumai language.
Trumai
Total population
258 (2014)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Brazil ( Mato Grosso)
Languages
Trumai[2]
Religion
Traditional tribal religion

The Trumai (or Trumaí; native name: Ho kod ke)[3] are an indigenous people of Brazil. They currently reside within the Xingu Indigenous Park, in the state of Mato Grosso. They have a population of 258 in 2014.[1] They were 97 in 2011 and 120 in 2006,[2] up from a low of 26 in 1966.

The Trumai culture has been the topic of anthropological studies. The first was done by Buell Quain, who spent four months with the Trumai and gathered information on many aspects of the culture and community.[4] More recently, De Vienne has conducted ethnographic studies on Trumai focussing on language and communication in the community, such as joking[5] and ritual singing traditions.[6]

Background

The Trumai are one of the last groups to have settled on the upper Xingu River, moving there in the 19th century[1] from the region between the Xingu and Araguaia Rivers, as a result of attacks from another people.[7] They currently live in four villages in the Xingu Indigenous Park, Terra Preta, Boa Esperança, Steinen and Terra Nova, situated halfway from the Leonardo Villas-Bôas Post and the Diauarum Indigenous Post, where some families also live.

The Trumai are one of the ethnicities included in the standard cross-cultural sample.

They are considered the ones who introduced the jawari ritual ("hopep" in the Trumai language), that is, along with the kwarup, one of the most important inter-tribal festivals in the Upper Xingu cultural complex.[8]

Subsistence

The Trumai are farmers, growing primarily manioc, peppers, and beans.[2]

Language

The Trumai language is not closely related to other languages, and it is considered a language isolate.[2] It is severely endangered, as children are becoming native speakers of Awetï, Suyá, or Portuguese.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Trumai: Introduction." Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d "Trumai." Ethnologue. Retrieved 24 Feb 2012.
  3. ^ "Trumai: Name."Povos Indígenas no Brasil. Retrieved 24 Feb 2012.
  4. ^ Murphy, Robert F. (1955). The Trumai Indians of Central Brazil. J. J. Augustin.
  5. ^ De Vienne, E. (2012). "Make yourself uncomfortable". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 2 (2): 163–187. doi:10.14318/hau2.2.010. S2CID 224807576.
  6. ^ De Vienne, E. (2011). "Pourquoi chanter les ragots du passe?". Journal de la Société des Américanistes. 97: 291–319.
  7. ^ Socioambiental history page
  8. ^ Almanaque Socioambiental Parque Indígena do Xingu 50 anos (PDF) (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Instituto Socioambiental. 2011. ISBN 978-85-85994-84-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-06. Retrieved 2019-05-26.

Further reading

  • Robert F. Murphy and Buell Quain. "The Trumai Indians of Central Brazil." American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Aug., 1956), p. 747
  • Quain, Buell; Murphy, Robert F. (1955). The Trumai Indians of Central Brazil. Locust Valley, N.Y.: J. J. Augustin
  • Anne Sutherland Louis. "Alliance or Descent: The Trumai Indians of Central Brazil." Man, New Series, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Mar., 1971), pp. 18–29
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