Trimmatostroma

Trimmatostroma
Trimmatostroma betulinum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Leotiomycetes
Order: Helotiales
Family: Mollisiaceae
Genus: Trimmatostroma
Corda (1837)
Type species
Trimmatostroma salicis
Corda (1837)

Trimmatostroma is a genus of asexual fungi in the order Helotiales (Leotiomycetes, Ascomycota), first described by the Czech naturalist A.C.J. Corda in 1837.[1] The genus belongs to the hyphomycetes, the informal grouping of fungi that produce conidia directly on hyphae or conidiophores rather than enclosed in a fruiting body. It is known for its relationship with Allomerus decemarticulatus ants.[2]

Description

Trimmatostroma are melanised hyphomycetes. On natural substrates they typically form pulvinate or stromatic conidiomata.[3] Conidia are dark brown, multicellular, and borne in chains; they arise by intercalary dilatation of fertile hyphae.[3] S.J. Hughes argued that T. salicis and Coniothecium betulinum Corda could not reasonably be held in separate genera given their shared basipetal chain development, and formally transferred the latter to Trimmatostroma as T. betulinum.[4]

Ecology

Most species are saprobic, occurring on dead bark, twigs, and other plant substrates.[3] Several species are lichenicolous, growing on or within the thalli of lichens.[5][6] Trimmatostroma abietis, described from conifer needles in Germany, has also been recorded from stone surfaces, where it colonises substrates with low water activity.[3] Some former lichenicolous members have been reclassified under the Intralichen genus on the basis of their endothallic growth and shared conidial characters.[5] Molecular data have further shown that the type species of Trimmatostroma belongs within Helotiales, while the superficially similar genus Catenulostroma belongs to a different lineage (Teratosphaeriaceae, Dothideomycetes).[7]

Ant-plant codependant covenant

An unidentified Trimmatostroma sp. (placed in Chaetothyriales[8]) is part of a tripartite symbiosis with the Neotropical ant Allomerus decemarticulatus and its host plant Hirtella physophora (Chrysobalanaceae) in French Guiana.[9]

Workers of A. decemarticulatus cut trichomes from the stems of H. physophora, assemble them into a frame, and manipulate the fungal mycelium to consolidate the structure into a gallery riddled with holes through which the ants ambush large insect prey.[9] The association is not opportunistic: molecular analysis shows the ants maintain a genetically specific cultivar, with evidence of active fungal selection and likely vertical transmission between ant generations.[8] In addition to its structural role, the fungus improves nitrogen uptake by the host plant, with hyphae penetrating stem tissue and facilitating transfer of nitrogen from prey to plant.[10]

Selected species

  • Trimmatostroma salicis Corda (1837) — type species; on willow bark
  • Trimmatostroma betulinum (Corda) S.Hughes (1953) — on dead bark of Betula and other trees
  • Trimmatostroma abietis Butin, Pehl & de Hoog (1996) — on conifer needles and stone[3]
  • Trimmatostroma umbilicariicola Heuchert & Braun (2014) — lichenicolous, on Umbilicaria spp.[11]
  • Trimmatostroma varicellariae Heuchert & Braun (2014) — lichenicolous, on Varicellaria rhodocarpa

See also

References

  1. ^ Corda, A.C.J. (1837). Icones Fungorum Hucusque Cognitorum. Vol. 1. Prague: Published by the author. p. 9.
  2. ^ Leroy, Céline; Jauneau, Alain; Martinez, Yves; Cabin-Flaman, Armelle; Gibouin, David; Orivel, Jérôme; Séjalon-Delmas, Nathalie (2017-09-01). "Exploring fungus-plant N transfer in a tripartite ant-plant-fungus mutualism". Annals of Botany. 120 (3): 417–426. doi:10.1093/aob/mcx064. PMC 5591417. PMID 28633407.
  3. ^ a b c d e Butin, H.; Pehl, L.; de Hoog, G.S.; Wollenzien, U. (1996). "Trimmatostroma abietis sp. nov. (hyphomycetes) and related species". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 69: 203–209. doi:10.1007/BF00399607.
  4. ^ Hughes, S.J. (1953). "Conidiophores, conidia, and classification". Canadian Journal of Botany. 31: 577–659. doi:10.1139/b53-046. In Trimmatostroma salicis Corda, the type species of this genus, (...) This genus is usually classified amongst the Phragmosporae but a number of conidia will be seen to possess one or more longitudinal septa. I do not understand how T. salicis and Coniothecium betulinum can be held in different genera, to say nothing of different groupings. (...) Eleven species classified subsequently by Corda in Coniothecium seem to have little in common with the type species. C. betulinum is one of these
  5. ^ a b Hawksworth, D.L.; Cole, M.S. (2002). "Intralichen, a new genus for lichenicolous 'Bispora' and 'Trimmatostroma' species". Fungal Diversity. 11: 87–97.
  6. ^ Diederich, P.; Braun, U.; Heuchert, B.; Ertz, D. (2010). "Four new lichen-associated Trimmatostroma species (hyphomycetes)". Bulletin de la Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois. 111: 47–55.
  7. ^ Tian, W.-H.; Jin, Y.; Liao, Y.-C.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N. (2024). "New and interesting pine-associated hyphomycetes from China". Journal of Fungi. 10 (8): 546. doi:10.3390/jof10080546. Catenulostroma (Teratosphaeriaceae, Dothideomycetes) was introduced by Crous et al., with the type C. protearum, which was previously placed in the genus Trimmatostroma [15]. Trimmatostroma and Catenulostroma are morphologically similar; however, phylogenetically, they appear as distinct genera, with the type species of Trimmatostroma belonging to the order Helotiales
  8. ^ a b Ruiz-González, M.X.; Malé, P.-J.G.; Leroy, C.; Dejean, A.; Gryta, H.; Jargeat, P.; Caliman, A.; Orivel, J. (2011). "Specific, non-nutritional association between an ascomycete fungus and Allomerus plant-ants". Biology Letters. 7: 475–479. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.1138.
  9. ^ a b Dejean, A.; Solano, P.J.; Ayroles, J.; Corbara, B.; Orivel, J. (2005). "Insect behaviour: Arboreal ants build traps to capture prey". Nature. 434: 973. doi:10.1038/434973a.
  10. ^ Leroy, C.; Louault, F.; Séjalon-Delmas, N.; Keriven, O.; Dejean, A.; Selosse, M.-A. (2017). "Exploring fungus–plant N transfer in a tripartite ant–plant–fungus mutualism". Annals of Botany. 120: 417–428. doi:10.1093/aob/mcx062.
  11. ^ Heuchert, B.; Braun, U. (2014). "Two new lichen-associated Trimmatostroma species". Herzogia. 27: 227–236. doi:10.13158/heia.27.2.2014.227.
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