Toxorhina

Toxorhina
	Toxorhina magna, Florida
	Toxorhina fuscolimbata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Family:	Limoniidae
Subfamily:	Chioneinae
Tribe:	Eriopterini
Genus:	Toxorhina; Loew, 1850
Type species
	Toxorhina fragilis; Loew, 1851
Synonyms
	Taxorrhina Loew, 1850 ; Toxorrhina Loew, 1850 ; Neoceratocheilus Wesche, 1910 ;

Toxorhina is a genus of crane fly belonging to the family Limoniidae. They can be found in various places such as the United States (Florida and Maryland) and China.^[2]

It can be distinguished among other crane flies by the reduced number of veins in the wings, among other less apparent differences.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] They are often recorded feeding in flowers.^[2]^[7]

Species

There are more than 150 species belonging to this genus belonging to three subgenera. There have been several fossil species discovered belonging to this genus. They are Toxorhina eridanus, Toxorhina caucasiensis, Toxorhina mexicana and Toxorhina madagascariensis.^[7]

These species belong to the genus Toxorhina:^[5]^[6]

Subgenus Ceratocheilus Wesche, 1910: Toxorhina alexanderi Tjeder, 1981; Toxorhina approximata Alexander, 1951; Toxorhina atritarsis Alexander, 1943; Toxorhina australasiae (Alexander, 1922); Toxorhina biroi Alexander, 1934; Toxorhina bispinosa Alexander, 1965; Toxorhina bistyla Alexander, 1967; Toxorhina brachymera Alexander, 1956; Toxorhina brevifrons (Brunetti, 1918); Toxorhina brevisector Alexander, 1974; Toxorhina caledonica Alexander, 1948; Toxorhina capnitis Alexander, 1956; Toxorhina caucasiensis^[7]; Toxorhina chiapasensis Alexander, 1938; Toxorhina claripennis Alexander, 1958; Toxorhina cocottensis Alexander, 1956; Toxorhina contractifrons (Edwards, 1933); Toxorhina cornigera (Speiser, 1908); Toxorhina christelius^[7]; Toxorhina danieleae Alexander, 1979; Toxorhina drysdalei Alexander, 1937; Toxorhina edwardsi (Alexander, 1920); Toxorhina eridanus^[7]; Toxorhina flavicostata Alexander, 1954; Toxorhina flavirostris (Alexander, 1920); Toxorhina formosensis (Alexander, 1928); Toxorhina fulvicolor Alexander, 1967; Toxorhina fumipennis Alexander, 1936; Toxorhina fuscolimbata Alexander, 1967; Toxorhina gilesi (Edwards, 1911); Toxorhina gressitti Alexander, 1962; Toxorhina growea Theischinger, 1994; Toxorhina holvia Boardman, 2020; Toxorhina hoogstraali Alexander, 1948; Toxorhina huanglica Zhang, Li & Yang, 2015; Toxorhina imperatrix Alexander, 1948; Toxorhina infuscula Alexander, 1962; Toxorhina inobsepta Alexander, 1978; Toxorhina juvenca Alexander, 1948; Toxorhina kokodae Alexander, 1951; Toxorhina latifrons (Brunetti, 1918); Toxorhina leucomelanopus (Enderlein, 1912); Toxorhina leucostena Alexander, 1937; Toxorhina levis (Hutton, 1900); Toxorhina luteibasis Alexander, 1962; Toxorhina lyrata Alexander, 1972; Toxorhina macrorhyncha Alexander, 1955; Toxorhina maculipennis Alexander, 1936; Toxorhina madagascariensis^[7]; Toxorhina majus (Edwards, 1926); Toxorhina melanomera Alexander, 1962; Toxorhina mesorhyncha Alexander, 1936; Toxorhina mexicana^[7]; Toxorhina monostyla Alexander, 1962; Toxorhina nasus Theischinger, 1994; Toxorhina nigripleura (Alexander, 1920); Toxorhina nigropolita Alexander, 1956; Toxorhina nimbipleura Alexander, 1963; Toxorhina niveitarsis (Alexander, 1922); Toxorhina nympha Alexander, 1961; Toxorhina ochracea (Edwards, 1923); Toxorhina omnifusca Zhang, Li & Yang, 2015; Toxorhina phaeoneura Alexander, 1960; Toxorhina pianmica Xu, Lv & Zhang, 2024; Toxorhina pictipennis Alexander, 1972; Toxorhina pollex Alexander, 1956; Toxorhina prolongata Alexander, 1938; Toxorhina revulsa Alexander, 1955; Toxorhina romblonensis Alexander, 1929; Toxorhina scimitar Alexander, 1956; Toxorhina seychellarum (Edwards, 1912); Toxorhina simplicistyla Alexander, 1967; Toxorhina streptotrichia Alexander, 1962; Toxorhina superstes Alexander, 1942; Toxorhina taiwanicola (Alexander, 1923); Toxorhina tasmaniensis (Alexander, 1926); Toxorhina tenebrica Alexander, 1961; Toxorhina tinctipennis (Alexander, 1930); Toxorhina toxopeana Alexander, 1961; Toxorhina trichopyga Alexander, 1962; Toxorhina tuberifera Alexander, 1966; Toxorhina univirgata Zhang, Li & Yang, 2015; Toxorhina vulsa Alexander, 1952; Toxorhina westralis Theischinger, 1994; Toxorhina yamma Theischinger, 2000
Subgenus Eutoxorhina Alexander, 1934: Toxorhina ammoula Theischinger, 1994; Toxorhina parasimplex Hynes, 1988; Toxorhina simplex Alexander, 1934
Subgenus Toxorhina Loew, 1850: Toxorhina acanthobasis Alexander, 1960; Toxorhina acutapex Alexander, 1972; Toxorhina angustilinea Alexander, 1930; Toxorhina atripes Alexander, 1922; Toxorhina basalis Alexander, 1951; Toxorhina basiseta Alexander, 1978; Toxorhina biceps Alexander, 1931; Toxorhina brevirama Alexander, 1953; Toxorhina brevistyla Alexander, 1965; Toxorhina brunniventris Edwards, 1931; Toxorhina carunculata Alexander, 1970; Toxorhina centralis (Alexander, 1913); Toxorhina cisatlantica Speiser, 1908; Toxorhina curtipennis Alexander, 1975; Toxorhina curvata Alexander, 1938; Toxorhina cuthbertsoni Alexander, 1937; Toxorhina dendroidea Alexander, 1931; Toxorhina digitifera Alexander, 1964; Toxorhina distalis Alexander, 1936; Toxorhina domingensis Alexander, 1937; Toxorhina duyagi Alexander, 1930; Toxorhina fasciata Edwards, 1926; Toxorhina flavida (Alexander, 1913); Toxorhina fragilis Loew, 1851; Toxorhina grahami (Wesche, 1910); Toxorhina grossa Alexander, 1956; Toxorhina incerta Brunetti, 1912; Toxorhina infumata Edwards, 1928; Toxorhina infumipennis Alexander, 1942; Toxorhina jamaicensis Alexander, 1964; Toxorhina latamera Alexander, 1968; Toxorhina longicollis Pierre, 1924; Toxorhina magna Osten Sacken, 1865; Toxorhina mashona Alexander, 1959; Toxorhina megatricha Alexander, 1961; Toxorhina mendosa Alexander, 1935; Toxorhina meridionalis (Alexander, 1913); Toxorhina montina Alexander, 1931; Toxorhina muliebris Osten Sacken, 1865; Toxorhina nigrivena Alexander, 1939; Toxorhina noeliana Alexander, 1956; Toxorhina occlusa Edwards, 1928; Toxorhina ochreata Edwards, 1931; Toxorhina pergracilis Alexander, 1944; Toxorhina perproducta Alexander, 1956; Toxorhina phoracaena Alexander, 1966; Toxorhina polycantha Alexander, 1940; Toxorhina polytricha Alexander, 1970; Toxorhina producta Edwards, 1928; Toxorhina protrusa Alexander, 1962; Toxorhina pulvinaria Alexander, 1950; Toxorhina scapania Alexander, 1966; Toxorhina scita Alexander, 1962; Toxorhina serpens Alexander, 1951; Toxorhina sparsiseta Alexander, 1962; Toxorhina staplesi Alexander, 1973; Toxorhina stenomera Alexander, 1972; Toxorhina stenophallus Alexander, 1937; Toxorhina subfragilis Alexander, 1970; Toxorhina suttoni Alexander, 1936; Toxorhina taeniomera Alexander, 1950; Toxorhina tonkouiana Alexander, 1958; Toxorhina trichorhyncha Edwards, 1926; Toxorhina trilineata Alexander, 1936; Toxorhina trilobata Alexander, 1938; Toxorhina tuberculata Alexander, 1931; Toxorhina violaceipennis Alexander, 1937; Toxorhina westwoodi Brunetti, 1920
Subgenus not assigned: Toxorhina spinulifera

References

^ "ITIS report, Toxorhina". Retrieved 2025-10-26.
^ ^a ^b Lv, Hanhuiying; Xu, Yuanyuan; Liu, Shulin; Li, Linghui; Lin, Kejian; Zhang, Xiao (2024-06-24). "An updated review of the genus Toxorhina Loew, 1850 (Diptera, Limoniidae) from Yunnan, China with a description of a new species". ZooKeys (1205): 191–204. Bibcode:2024ZooK.1205..191L. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1205.117807. ISSN 1313-2970.
^ "GBIF, Toxorhina". Retrieved 2025-10-26.
^ "BugGuide.net, Toxorhina genus Information". Retrieved 2025-10-26.
^ ^a ^b "Catalogue of Life, Toxorhina Loew, 1850". Retrieved 2025-10-26.
^ ^a ^b Oosterbroek, Pjotr (2023). "Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World". Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Kania-Kłosok, Iwona; Krzemiński, Wiesław; Szwedo, Jacek (2022-11-12). "New finding of Toxorhina (Ceratocheilus) limoniid fly in Eocene Baltic amber and the biogeographical context of the genus". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 19382. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1219382K. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23866-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9653493. PMID 36371446.

[itis-1] "ITIS report, Toxorhina". Retrieved 2025-10-26.

[:1-2] Lv, Hanhuiying; Xu, Yuanyuan; Liu, Shulin; Li, Linghui; Lin, Kejian; Zhang, Xiao (2024-06-24). "An updated review of the genus Toxorhina Loew, 1850 (Diptera, Limoniidae) from Yunnan, China with a description of a new species". ZooKeys (1205): 191–204. Bibcode:2024ZooK.1205..191L. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1205.117807. ISSN 1313-2970.

[gbif-3] "GBIF, Toxorhina". Retrieved 2025-10-26.

[bugguide-4] "BugGuide.net, Toxorhina genus Information". Retrieved 2025-10-26.

[catlife-5] "Catalogue of Life, Toxorhina Loew, 1850". Retrieved 2025-10-26.

[Oosterbroek2023-6] Oosterbroek, Pjotr (2023). "Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World". Naturalis Biodiversity Center. Retrieved 2023-06-13.

[:0-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Kania-Kłosok, Iwona; Krzemiński, Wiesław; Szwedo, Jacek (2022-11-12). "New finding of Toxorhina (Ceratocheilus) limoniid fly in Eocene Baltic amber and the biogeographical context of the genus". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 19382. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1219382K. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-23866-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 9653493. PMID 36371446.

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