Titanium in Africa

Main article: Titanium production by country

Titanium mining in Africa has been beset by environmental problems due to the polluting nature of processing rutile, a principal titanium ore. The extraction and refinement of rutile often lead to the release of heavy metals and other contaminants, impacting soil, water, and air quality.[1]

References

  1. ^ Pownceby, M.I.; Bruckard, W.J.; Sparrow, G.J. Sparrow (2020). "Technological developments in processing Australian mineral sand deposits". Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. 120 (2). doi:10.17159/2411-9717/881/2020. ISSN 2411-9717.


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