Timeline of the M23 campaign (2026)

This timeline of the M23 campaign (2022–present) covers the period from January 2026 to the present day.

January 2026

1–4 January

On 1 January 2026, M23 rebels from Kasopo, Masisi Territory, attempted to outflank FARDC positions near Buhimba on the Walikale–Masisi border but were repelled by a joint FARDC–Wazalendo force and retreated back to Kasopo and Mahanga as FARDC reportedly captured around ten rebels.[1][2] On 2 January, M23 clashed with FARDC–Wazalendo forces in Kasenyi, in the Katoyi sector of Masisi Territory, as part of an effort to "expand their area of influence".[3] On 3 January, they launched another attack in Kilongo, about 3 km from Buhimba in the Waloa Yungu groupement of Walikale Territory.[4] In Masisi Territory, M23 clashed with FARDC–Wazalendo forces in Bingaro, Katoyi, after reinforcing from Kazinga, while another rebel advance toward Humura was repelled by "loyalist forces" backed by Wazalendo.[5] That same day, FARDC presented captured suspects in Kinshasa, including seven Rwandan soldiers and eight foreign civilians, as evidence of Rwanda's direct involvement alongside M23 in North and South Kivu, arguing that the arrests contradicted Rwanda's claims of a defensive posture, demonstrated that it was actively waging war inside Congolese territory, attempting to regionalize the conflict by involving foreign nationals and allied armed groups, and violating UN Security Council resolutions as well as the December 2025 Washington peace agreement.[6]

5–11 January

On 5 January, President Tshisekedi met Angolan President João Lourenço in Luanda, during which Tshisekedi said Lourenço presented "interesting" ideas aimed at resolving the conflict in eastern DRC.[7] A follow-up meeting scheduled for 8 January was intended to further develop these proposals, whose specific details remain unclear, and to underline that any Angolan-led initiative would not replace the Washington and Doha tracks but rather encourage the parties to honor their existing commitments, with Lourenço potentially facilitating political dialogue in Kinshasa involving Tshisekedi and various Congolese stakeholders, including M23, opposition figures, and representatives of religious and civil society groups, who would participate without leading the process.[7][8] Although the leaders did not address calls for a fully inclusive dialogue sought by some Congolese elites, Angola reportedly reached out to certain opposition members about possible talks. Tshisekedi stated that any engagement would first require M23 to announce an immediate and unconditional ceasefire, which he would then assess.[7]

Meanwhile, violence continued on the ground: between 5 and 8 January, four people were killed in Sake by armed men believed to be M23 rebels who control the area,[9] and on 6 January, the group dropped bombs in Katobo forest in Walikale Territory's Kisimba groupement, which alarmed residents and farmers despite no active clashes in the area.[10] On 7 January, the M23 reinforced its positions in Mpeti, Kisimba, with three trucks carrying fighters and ammunition from Kalembe, 18 km from Pinga, before returning empty, as local officials stated that the buildup aimed to launch long-planned offensives against the strategic town of Pinga.[11] On 11 January, Wazalendo attacked M23 positions in Kazinga, using heavy and light weapons to preempt a rebel offensive against FARDC–Wazalendo positions in the Nyamaboko 1 and 2 groupements.[12] In Fizi Territory, a vessel known as Super Bus, en route to Bujumbura for repairs while navigating Lake Tanganyika, was intercepted near Makobola 2 by a joint FARDC maritime and Wazalendo patrol. This followed the seizure of another boat, Okako 2, captured on 8 January in the village of Mizimu, also in Fizi Territory.[13] Since M23's capture of Uvira, authorities imposed additional restrictions to curb movement in the region, including a ban on traffic between South Kivu and Tanganyika provinces via Lake Tanganyika, with all vessels now considered suspicious amid ongoing hostilities.[13]

12–16 January

On 12 January, nine M23 fighters from Lubero Territory surrendered to the Wazalendo faction of the Forces Patriotiques pour la Paix/Armée du Peuple (FPP/AP) in Fatua in the Kisimba groupement, Walikale Territory, after "fleeing the suffering they endured in the rebellion".[14] On 15 January, M23 pushed through multiple locations in South Kivu, including Kaziba Chiefdom, Langala, and Rubanga, before reaching Lemera, where its fighters split into two groups, one advancing toward Kidote and the other toward Nakandongo.[15] That day, the movement announced that it was transferring responsibility for Uvira's security to the international community, reiterating its decision, first stated on 15 December 2025, to withdraw its forces. Corneille Nangaa stated that M23 had completely pulled out its monitoring unit and would no longer be responsible for maintaining security in Uvira, calling on international actors to protect civilians and uphold order.[16] He warned that armed groups outside the peace process, including the Burundian army, the FDLR, Wazalendo, and mercenaries allied with the Congolese army, could destabilize the city and undermine peace initiatives.[16] Nonetheless, in Uvira, M23 rebels confiscated road construction materials, loading tar onto 34 Wowo trucks bound for Rwanda, seizing tricycles transported by other vehicles, evacuating remaining equipment through the Kamanyola border crossing, and driving cattle and small livestock from the highlands and midlands toward Bwegera to unknown destinations.[17] In Fizi Territory, M23-allied Twirwaneho rebels clashed with FARDC in Tuwetuwe, about 15 km from the Mikenge displacement site in the Itombwe sector of Mwenga Territory, forcing government troops to retreat toward Point Zero village on the Fizi–Mwenga border in the Mitumba highlands, a settlement established in 2018 by internally displaced persons fleeing violence in the highlands of Fizi, Mwenga, and Uvira Territories and serving as the FARDC's final defensive position.[18] On 16 January, Twirwaneho rebels seized Point Zero and forced FARDC units to retreat to Mulima village in the Basilotcha groupement of the Tanganyika sector. Its capture opened a corridor for the rebels along the Mulima–Mukera axis toward Fizi-center, from where they could easily advance toward Tanganyika Province via Misisi without passing through Baraka. After the fall of Point Zero, displaced civilians were once again forced to flee in heavy rains to Bilende, Kanguli, Nakiele, Mulima, and Lusuku, where they faced extremely precarious living conditions due to the lack of assistance after abandoning all their belongings.[18]

16–20 January

Following a high-level meeting in Lomé on 16–17 January, the African Union outlined a structured mediation framework for eastern DRC led by Faure Gnassingbé as chief mediator, and to address the conflict's complexity, the AU appointed five former African heads of state as co-facilitators: Oluṣẹgun Ọbasanjọ (military and security), Sahle-Work Zewde (humanitarian affairs), Uhuru Kenyatta (armed-group dialogue), Mokgweetsi Masisi (regional economic cooperation), and Catherine Samba-Panza (civil society, reconciliation, and women's issues). The framework also includes an independent joint secretariat bringing together the AU, regional organizations, and neighboring blocs, with the AU Commission coordinating with international partners such as the UN, Qatar, the EU, and major global powers.[19] The meeting urged both the DRC and M23 to fast-track the fulfillment of their commitments, emphasized peaceful solutions to the conflict, reiterated its full backing of the Doha process, and called on the parties to resume talks promptly to finalize negotiations on the six remaining protocols.[20] On 17 January, M23 stated that it had finalized its withdrawal from Uvira. While the bulk of its forces and equipment had departed, observers reported a residual presence, including a column of at least 200 armed fighters leaving the city, some walking and others transported by trucks, with heavy weapons visibly carried. Gunfire, including RPG fire, was reported around Uvira that day.[21] South Kivu Governor Jean-Jacques Purusi Sadiki said that M23 elements were still present and holding positions on hills overlooking the city, particularly in Katongo, Kigongo, Makobola 1 and 2, and the Kivovo mountains. He also noted that other fighters had withdrawn toward Sange, Luvungi, and the South Kivu Sugar Refinery, roughly 15 kilometers from Uvira, calling the situation a clear breach of the ceasefire, which stipulates a withdrawal beyond Kamanyola, outside Uvira Territory. On 18 January, witnesses reported the presence of youths claiming to be Wazalendo in certain quartiers, while FARDC troops were not reported in the city.[22] FARDC later confirmed on 19 January that it had reestablished control over Uvira on 18 January and stated that its forces remained deployed in and around the city to consolidate positions and protect civilians and their property.[23] Meanwhile, in Walikale Territory, FARDC carried out airstrikes on M23 positions on Mount Kasopo along the Kisimba–Ikobo border.[24]

21–29 January

On 21 January, Muhindo Mungumwa Claude, the M23-installed chief of Kanyabayonga groupement in Bwito Chiefdom, and his wife were shot dead in their home by unidentified gunmen, which mirrors a similar October 2025 killing in Buramba where another chief, known as Maliro, was murdered with bladed weapons.[25] On 22 January, Rwanda for the first time openly acknowledged coordinating with M23 in a statement to the U.S. Congress, in which Ambassador Mathilde Mukantabana said that Rwanda was "engaging in security coordination with the AFC/M23 in order to build trust through transparency", describing the cooperation as defensive, aimed at countering the FDLR and protecting Tutsi populations, and arguing that it helped persuade M23 to unilaterally withdraw from Uvira as evidence of de-escalation.[26][27] The admission marked a major shift from Rwanda's longstanding denials of ties to M23 and prompted a Congolese national deputy, Joseph Nkoy Wembo, to declare that "the masks have fallen", as Rwanda acknowledged its direct role in the conflict in the DRC.[28] On 23 January, FARDC conducted attack-drone airstrikes that destroyed an M23 position in Buleusa, in the Ikobo groupement of Walikale Territory, which forced the rebels to flee as the army increasingly relied on drone warfare to locate and neutralize rebel bases,[29] before targeting a new M23 position in Kikuku in Bwito Chiefdom, where residents reported significant material damage, including the destruction of the rebel-occupied camp.[30] That same day, M23 repeatedly attempted to enter Pinga and outflank FARDC and Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland (Volontaires pour la Défense de la Patrie; VDP) positions at the strategic Nkobe hill overlooking Munsanga village, but were repelled by loyalist forces and pushed back toward Buhaya near Mpeti.[31] On 24 January, FARDC drones bombed M23 positions in Mpeti and Mindjendje in Walikale Territory's Kisimba groupement, locations that are regarded as key regrouping and supply points for the rebels, who had been reinforced by units from Kitshanga, Mwesso, and Kalembe in Masisi Territory.[32] On 26 January, two people were abducted by armed men in Kateku, Ikobo groupement, with the incident occurring in an M23-controlled area where recurrent kidnappings and looting in Walikale Territory have fueled local suspicions;[33] meanwhile, during the night of 25–26 January, the chief of Bushani village in the Luberike groupement was assassinated at his home under unclear circumstances. According to the administrative authorities of the Wanianga sector, the killing was attributed to M23 rebels active in the area.[34] On 29 January, M23 fighters advancing from Mpeti launched an attack on FARDC-Wazalendo positions and the Armed Reserve of the Defense (Réserve armée de la défense; RAD) around Chanjikiro, in the Kisimba groupement of Walikale Territory, but the attack was repelled by FARDC and its allied forces, and forced M23 units to withdraw toward Mpeti,[35] after which the Congolese Air Force carried out drone strikes on rebel positions in Mindjendje near Mpeti.[36] According to Major Dieudonné Kasereka, spokesperson for the FARDC's 34th Military Region, a total of 265 M23 rebels surrendered to the FARDC in January 2026, primarily in Walikale, Rutshuru, and Lubero Territories in North Kivu, as well as Kalehe Territory in South Kivu.[37]

Late January–February 2026

29 January–8 February

In Fizi Territory, Wazalendo launched an offensive to capture Minembwe. A FARDC attack drone reportedly bombed the Madegu quartier in Minembwe around 31 January. Between 31 January and 2 February, FARDC-Wazalendo forces reportedly engaged in fighting with Twirwaneho and RED-Tabara rebels in several villages north of Minembwe, including Mikenge, Tuwetuwe, and Kalingi, as well as in the Kamombo and Bijombo groupements.[38] Additional clashes were reported south of Minembwe around 2 February, notably in Muliza and Kakenge villages. These clashes formed part of an ongoing FARDC offensive aimed at retaking Minembwe, following the recapture of Point Zéro village near Minembwe on 29 January.[38][39][40] Meanwhile, on 31 January and 1 February, Kisangani Bangoka International Airport came under attack by kamikaze drones carrying unconventional payloads made up of several submunitions. The Tshopo provincial government blamed Rwanda and its M23 allies, denouncing the strike as a "barbaric, unjust, and ongoing aggression" against the DRC. FARDC forces and their security partners intercepted and neutralized eight drones before they reached their targets, and no casualties or significant damage were reported.[41][42][43][44] The rebel movement claimed to have carried out the "destruction of the drone command center installed at Kisangani airport", from where the army conducts attacks in the areas under its occupation, "notably in Masisi, Walikale, Rutshuru, Lubero, Kalehe, Mwenga, Minembwe".[45] On 2 February, the Congolese government and AFC-M23 advanced the Doha peace process by signing the mandate for the Ceasefire Monitoring and Verification Mechanism during a meeting in Doha that brought together regional and international actors who agreed to strengthen monitoring, verification, and information-sharing, including the deployment of an initial MONUSCO mission to Uvira to monitor the ceasefire on the ground.[46][47] On 3 February, FARDC-Wazalendo forces repelled an M23 attack in Kalinga, Kisimba groupement, and forced them to withdraw toward Mpombi in Balinda, after which M23 bombarded Kalinga village despite it remaining under FARDC-Wazalendo control.[48] In Rutshuru Territory, M23 fighters advancing from Mweso in Masisi Territory launched simultaneous attacks on Wazalendo positions overlooking Kivuma and Kanyangohe in Bwito Chiefdom, but were ultimately pushed back toward Mweso.[49] On 8–9 February, FARDC carried out drone strikes on M23 positions in Mindjendje, reportedly wounding several rebels amid renewed clashes as the group reinforced its positions around Pinga.[50]

10–20 February

On 10 February, amid intensified international ceasefire efforts, M23 announced in Tshanzu, Rutshuru Territory, the completion of a training program integrating 7,532 new fighters into its armed wing, the Armée révolutionnaire congolaise (ARC), a figure that could not be independently verified.[51] The following day, 11 February, FARDC carried out further airstrikes against M23 positions near Mpeti,[52] while the M23-RDF coalition reportedly set fire to several civilian homes in Rusankuku, in the Fizi-Uvira highlands.[53] On 12 February, M23 withdrew from the strategic Buhaya hill overlooking Katobi, about 15 km from Pinga, a position it had held since displacing Wazalendo in November 2025, for reasons that remained unclear.[54] That same day, the UN Special Representative and Interim Head of MONUSCO, Vivian van de Perre,[55] began a visit to Goma to engage stakeholders and advance preparations for the Ceasefire Monitoring and Verification Mechanism, landing by UN helicopter at Goma International Airport for the first time since its closure following the rebel takeover of the city.[56] On 13 February, unidentified armed men raided Kateku village in the Ikobo groupement during the night, looting livestock, mobile phones, cash, and other valuables, with residents accusing M23, which controls the area, of being responsible.[57] On 15 February, nine M23 fighters surrendered to Wazalendo in Chanjikiro, handing over four AK-47 rifles amid sustained FARDC pressure on rebel positions around Pinga.[58] On 17 and 18 February, joint FARDC-Wazalendo forces fought M23-affiliated militias in several villages surrounding Minembwe, and on 18 February FARDC reported killing and capturing an unspecified number of newly trained M23 recruits who had graduated from the group's Tchanzu training facility. Additional fighting on 19 February involved Twirwaneho and Ngumino fighters aligned with M23 in the highlands near Minembwe, including in Tuwetuwe, Bilalombili, and Mikenge, as both sides contested control of Point Zéro village.[59] The FARDC General Staff added that RDF and M23 elements conducted coordinated assaults on 18–19 February against FARDC positions in Ihula (Walikale Territory) and on the hills of Kazaraho, Bugabo, Cahi, and Virumbi (Rutshuru Territory), North Kivu.[60] In South Kivu, FARDC attributed additional attacks in Mikenge, Kalonge, Kahungwe, Kanga, and Lugeje to a coalition of RDF, M23, Twirwaneho, FNL, Nzabapema, and RED-Tabara, reporting four houses destroyed and the death of 18-year-old Matabishi Siston Azini.[60]

21–28 February

On 22 February, M23 clashed with Wazalendo in Kasenyi, Chugi, and Kinigi in Bahunde Chiefdom of Masisi Territory near the mining town of Rubaya, with Wazalendo retaking the three towns, previously regarded as strategic M23 strongholds, and reportedly seizing military equipment during the fighting.[61] M23 rebels reinforced their troops on "Sita" hill to curb the opposing advance and attempt to retake Chugi and Kinigi, while separately reporting that FARDC carried out drone strikes in several parts of Masisi Territory.[61] On 23 February, Wazalendo continued their push toward Runigi, Kabara, Kiruli, and Kanyalu in the direction of Rubaya,[62] while that same day the Kavimvira crossing, a key trade route linking Uvira and Bujumbura, resumed operations after Congolese authorities regained control of the area.[63] On 24 February, FARDC drones struck M23 targets in Kishusha, near Rubaya, as clashes intensified again around Rubaya and elsewhere in Masisi Territory. Willy Ngoma, spokesperson for M23's armed wing, was reportedly killed in a strike in Rubaya.[64][65][66] Preliminary accounts suggested several senior M23 figures were injured, though Sultani Makenga had reportedly departed the area prior to the attack. In South Kivu, FARDC is reportedly benefiting from contractors allegedly linked to Erik Prince, who are said to be aiding FARDC operations against Twirwaneho forces in the highlands.[67] Meanwhile, the FDNB, regarded as FARDC's principal regional ally, redeployed troops in large numbers via Lake Tanganyika beginning in late December and early January. By 25 February, approximately 5,000 FDNB forces were fighting alongside FARDC and Wazalendo forces in South Kivu.[67] On 26 February, two civilians were killed during an exchange of fire between M23 fighters and an unidentified armed group in the JTN concession in Bwito Chiefdom.[68] In Masisi Territory, Chugi, Katobo, and Kaniro, which are strategic villages controlling access to Rubaya, returned to M23 control after clashes with Wazalendo. Although Wazalendo had captured them on 23 February, they withdrew after four days following a reinforced M23 counteroffensive.[69] That same day, Kasenyi and Luke also fell back under M23 control.[70]

March 2026

1–2 March

On 1 March, Bangboka International Airport was again targeted in a series of drone attacks that caused no casualties. One drone was intercepted around 3 p.m., followed by three additional "kamikaze" drones neutralized between 5 p.m. and 7 p.m. The governor of Tshopo blamed M23 and Rwanda for the attack.[71] According to the Congolese research institute Ebuteli, FARDC has employed Turkish-made TAI Anka drones and Chinese CH-4 combat drones. The same source alleges that the airport attack involved Turkish Baykar YIHA-III drones, while M23 reportedly operated Estonian-made Threod Systems drones.[71] M23 later claimed responsibility, stating that the operation to "neutralize and destroy drones" that it alleges were preparing to be launched to "massacre civilians and attack its positions" near Kisangani.[72] That same 1 March, M23 recaptured the Katoyi sector in southern Masisi Territory and Buhimba village in Walikale Territory's Waloa-Yungu groupement after attacking FARDC positions from Kilongo and forcing them to retreat to Ngenge, a locality west of Buhimba.[73][74] On 2 March, FARDC–Wazalendo forces repelled an M23 assault on the strategic Fungura Hill, which overlooks Katobi in the Kisimba groupement of Walikale Territory, after the rebels advanced from Mpeti. The hill is considered a key defensive position protecting Pinga, and its capture could have created a corridor toward nearby settlements.[75] Meanwhile, in Rutshuru Territory, M23 released more than 5,000 FARDC soldiers in Rumangabo and handed them over to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) for repatriation to Kinshasa.[76] In May 2025, the ICRC had already facilitated the transfer of more than 1,300 disarmed soldiers from Goma to Kinshasa.[77] On the diplomatic front the same day, the United States Department of the Treasury imposed sanctions on the RDF and four senior officials, such as Army Chief of Staff Vincent Nyakarundi, Major General Ruki Karusisi, Chief of Defence Staff Mubarakh Muganga, and Special Operations commander Stanislas Gashugi, for supporting, training, and fighting alongside M23 in eastern DRC.[78]

3–13 March

On 3 March, M23 fighters advancing mainly from the Ndete and Kasopo axes captured Kazinga village in the Nyamaboko I groupement of Masisi Territory, roughly two weeks after losing it to FARDC forces. Kazinga is a strategic locality in the Osso-Banyungu sector that provides access to Buhimba and the Katoyi sector.[79] On 5 March, M23 fighters withdrew without clashes from Buabo and Ndete villages in the same sector. Wazalendo elements reoccupied both villages on 6 March. The reasons for M23's withdrawal remain unclear, though some local observers suggest government forces may have exerted pressure while attempting to encircle this strategic zone.[80] Meanwhile, on the diplomatic front that same day, 6 March, the State Department announced visa restrictions on "several senior Rwandan officials" accused of fueling instability in eastern DRC. Washington stated that such actions violate the Washington Agreements and contribute to violence in the Great Lakes region.[81] On 7 March, an airstrike attributed to FARDC targeted an M23 position in the Mushaki area of Masisi Territory. The strike reportedly hit a rebel position located on the farm of businessman and former national deputy Édouard Mwangachuchu and was carried out using a military drone.[82] M23 political spokesperson Lawrence Kanyuka said the attack caused civilian casualties, although several local sources reported that no civilian losses had been immediately confirmed in surrounding villages.[82] On 9 March, FARDC–Wazalendo forces dislodged M23 rebels from their position in Mukole in the Kisimba groupement. The Mukole capture provides FARDC a strategic vantage point from which they can monitor nearby localities, including Ihula and Kalonge in Walikale Territory and Kalembe in neighboring Masisi Territory, areas still held by M23.[83] In separate clashes, FARDC–Wazalendo forces also recaptured Kazinga village in Masisi Territory.[84] On 10 March, FARDC reported shooting down several one-way attack drones over Mikenge village in Mwenga Territory, claiming that the drones were operated by RDF and M23-affiliated fighters. Pro-government media also alleged that the RDF deployed a helicopter to Minembwe.[84] That same day, 18 former M23 rebels who had surrendered the previous week in Chanjikiro (Kisimba groupement, Walikale Territory) arrived in Pinga. The defectors cited sustained military pressure from FARDC–Wazalendo forces, as well as harsh living conditions within the rebel movement, as reasons for their surrender.[85][77] On 11 March, drone strikes reportedly hit the Himbi quartier in the Goma commune, which damaged homes, injuring several civilians, and killing three people, including Karine Buisset, a UNICEF specialist working on protection against sexual exploitation and abuse. The identities of the other two victims have not been officially confirmed.[86][77] On 12 March, in Kinshasa, the Deputy Prime Minister of Defense held talks with François Moreillon of the ICRC regarding the release of prisoners of war in eastern DRC. Moreillon stated that the discussions were part of the Doha peace process and aligned with the ICRC's mandate as a neutral intermediary.[77]

14–20 March

On 14 March, Wazalendo seized Malemo village in the Bashali-Mokoto groupement of Bashali Chiefdom after engaging M23 rebels. The village lies along the Kalembe–Mpeti axis, which is a strategic route that connects Masisi Territory to Walikale Territory. After the clashes, some M23 fighters withdrew toward Kalembe village in the eastern part of the groupement, while others retreated to Mindjendje and Mpeti in the Kisimba groupement of Walikale Territory.[87] On 15 March, FARDC–Wazalendo forces carried out clashes and drone strikes against Twirwaneho positions near Minembwe, particularly around Kalingi. On 16 March, Wazalendo fighters from the Virunga National Park area reportedly attacked M23 positions in Mugunga and Lac Vert quartiers in the western Goma, but M23 forces repelled the assault, and reportedly killed at least 13 Wazalendo fighters.[88] That same day, FARDC arrested two Wazalendo leaders active in Kalehe Territory, Masisi Territory, and Walikale Territory, citing human rights violations and ongoing internal conflicts between them.[88] On 17 March, Malemo returned to M23 control after Wazalendo forces voluntarily withdrew to their previous positions, which allowed M23 to reoccupy the village without resistance. The reasons for the withdrawal remain unclear, though reports suggest that M23 elements regrouped in Mpeti and Kalembe took advantage of the situation to return.[89]

In South Kivu, multiple clashes were reported between M23 and FARDC–Wazalendo forces. On 15 March, Wazalendo fighters reportedly blocked civilian movement along the RN5 at Kasambura, about three miles south of Kabunambo, accusing certain residents of spying for M23. A local source told Actualite.cd on 18 March that the closure may have been requested by the Burundian government, which suspected M23 infiltration from the Ruzizi Plain.[90] On 17 March, heavy fighting was reported around Runingu, Biriba, Kabunambo, and Sange along the RN5, as well as in midland areas west of the road. Senior M23 officials and affiliated sources claimed that DRC coalition forces initiated the clashes and shelled their positions. However, FARDC denied these accusations on 18 March, also rejecting claims that M23 had captured Kirungu or made advances in the Ruzizi Plain.[91][92] Pro-government journalists reported that FARDC forces prevented M23 from advancing toward Kirungu after the rebels seized Mitamba. Journalist Daniel Michombero dismissed claims that Congolese authorities had fled to Bujumbura or Baraka and called them false. He also alleged that Rwandan troops had crossed into the DRC via the Ruzizi II border post. Meanwhile, M23 sources accused FARDC and its allies of carrying out drone strikes on Twirwaneho positions in Bidegu and Mikenge near Minembwe on 17 March. FARDC later stated on 19 March that 20 M23 fighters had surrendered in Mikenge.[92]

On the diplomatic front, senior military and political officials, along with envoys representing President Félix Tshisekedi and President Paul Kagame, took part in bilateral talks with U.S. officials on 17 March, followed by a trilateral meeting in Washington, D.C., on 18 March. After the discussions, the U.S., the DRC, and Rwanda issued a joint statement announcing that both African countries had agreed to undertake "a series of coordinated steps" to reduce tensions and improve conditions on the ground.[92] The U.S. urged both sides to fully implement the military plan outlined in the U.S.-brokered framework by the end of 2026, with an initial evaluation scheduled before 15 April. Washington also called on the DRC to neutralize the FDLR and on Rwanda to withdraw its troops and equipment. Six operational zones were identified for anti-FDLR operations, five located in M23-controlled areas and one in a government-controlled zone.[92] During the 18 March trilateral meeting, Massad Boulos warned that the U.S. could impose sanctions on either party if they failed to honor their commitments. Meanwhile, on 17 March, Bruno Lemarquis, the UN humanitarian coordinator and acting head of the UN mission in the DRC, met with Corneille Nangaa in Goma to address the humanitarian crisis in eastern DRC, following his condemnation of 11 March drone strikes on the city.[92]

References

  1. ^ "Walikale: l'armée déjoue une attaque des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 près de Buhimba" [Walikale: The army thwarts an attack by AFC/M23 rebels near Buhimba]. Actualite.cd (in French). 2 January 2026. Retrieved 7 January 2026.
  2. ^ "Walikale: calme précaire à Buhimba après deux jours d'intenses combats entre les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 et les FARDC" [Walikale: Precarious calm in Buhimba after two days of intense fighting between AFC/M23 rebels and the FARDC]. Actualite.cd (in French). 5 January 2026. Retrieved 7 January 2026.
  3. ^ "Masisi: reprise des combats entre les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 et l'armée dans le secteur de Katoy" [Masisi: Fighting resumes between AFC/M23 rebels and the army in the Katoy sector]. Actualite.cd (in French). 2 January 2026. Retrieved 7 January 2026.
  4. ^ "Walikale: reprise des combats ce samedi matin entre les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 et les FARDC près de Buhimba" [Walikale: Fighting resumed this Saturday morning between AFC/M23 rebels and FARDC near Buhimba]. Actualite.cd (in French). 3 January 2026. Retrieved 7 January 2026.
  5. ^ "Masisi: les affrontements s'intensifient entre les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 et les forces gouvernementales à Bingaro dans le secteur de Katoy" [Masisi: Clashes intensify between AFC/M23 rebels and government forces in Bingaro, Katoyi sector]. Actualite.cd (in French). 3 January 2026. Retrieved 7 January 2026.
  6. ^ Muamba, Clément (3 January 2026). "Guerre de l'AFC/M23: l'armée présente des militaires rwandais et des civils ressortissants des pays de la sous-région, capturés au Nord et Sud-Kivu" [AFC/M23 War: The army presents Rwandan soldiers and civilians from countries in the sub-region, captured in North and South Kivu]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 7 January 2026.
  7. ^ a b c Ford, Yale (9 January 2026). "Congo War Security Review: An in-depth review of activity related to the war in the eastern DRC between M23 and its Rwandan backers and pro-Congolese government forces". Critical Threats. Retrieved 12 January 2026.
  8. ^ Muamba, Clément (9 January 2026). "Des interrogations autour des visites successives de Tshisekedi à Luanda: Kinshasa affirme que "l'initiative ne vise pas à remplacer [les initiatives] de Doha et de Washington"" [Questions arise surrounding Tshisekedi's successive visits to Luanda: Kinshasa asserts that "the initiative is not intended to replace [the initiatives] of Doha and Washington"]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2026.
  9. ^ "Sake: au moins quatre morts par balles en l'espace de quatre jours à Sake, les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 pointés du doigt" [Sake: At least four people killed by gunfire in the space of four days in Sake; AFC/M23 rebels blamed]. Actualite.cd (in French). 12 January 2026. Retrieved 12 January 2026.
  10. ^ "Walikale: la forêt de Katobo ciblée par des bombardements des rebelles de l'AFC/M23" [Walikale: Katobo forest targeted by AFC/M23 rebel bombings]. Actualite.cd (in French). 8 January 2026. Retrieved 12 January 2026.
  11. ^ "Les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 poursuivent le renforcement de leurs positions à Mpeti, près de Pinga (Walikale)" [AFC/M23 rebels continue to strengthen their positions in Mpeti, near Pinga (Walikale)]. Actualite.cd (in French). 9 January 2026. Retrieved 12 January 2026.
  12. ^ "Masisi: affrontements à Kazinga entre les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 et les wazalendo, au lendemain de renforcement des positions rebelles" [Masisi: Clashes in Kazinga between AFC/M23 rebels and Wazalendo forces, the day after rebel positions were reinforced]. Actualite.cd (in French). 11 January 2026. Retrieved 12 January 2026.
  13. ^ a b "Fizi: un autre bateau intercepté par l'armée et les wazalendo sur le lac Tanganyika" [Fizi: Another boat intercepted by the army and the Wazalendo on Lake Tanganyika]. Actualite.cd (in French). 12 January 2026. Retrieved 12 January 2026.
  14. ^ "Walikale: neuf combattants de l'AFC/M23 se sont rendus aux wazalendo à Fatua" [Walikale: Nine AFC/M23 fighters surrendered to the Wazalendo in Fatua]. Actualite.cd (in French). 15 January 2026. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  15. ^ "RDC: l'AFC/M23 atteint Lemera, village symbolique dans les moyens plateaux d'Uvira" [DRC: AFC/M23 reaches Lemera, a symbolic village in the Uvira highlands]. Actualite.cd (in French). 16 January 2026. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  16. ^ a b Muamba, Clément (16 January 2026). "Est de la RDC: l'AFC/M23 saisit l'ONU et dit placer la ville d'Uvira sous la responsabilité "pleine et entière" de la communauté internationale" [Eastern DRC: The AFC/M23 appeals to the UN and says it places the city of Uvira under the "full and complete" responsibility of the international community]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  17. ^ Muamba, Clément (17 January 2026). "Sud-Kivu: le gouvernement provincial dénonce des actes de pillage, de spoliation et de violations graves du droit international humanitaire par l'AFC/M23 à Uvira" [South Kivu: The provincial government denounces acts of looting, plunder and serious violations of international humanitarian law by the AFC/M23 in Uvira]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  18. ^ a b "RDC: sur la chaîne de Mitumba, les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 contrôlent désormais le village "Point zéro" dernier verrou de l'armée ouvrant la voie vers Fizi-centre" [DRC: On the Mitumba mountain range, the AFC/M23 rebels now control the village of "Point Zero", the army's last stronghold opening the way to Fizi-centre]. Actualite.cd (in French). 17 January 2026. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  19. ^ "RDC-Grands Lacs: l'Union africaine dévoile l'architecture de sa médiation" [DRC-Great Lakes: The African Union unveils the architecture of its mediation]. Actualite.cd (in French). 19 January 2026. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  20. ^ Muamba, Clément (18 January 2026). "Est de la RDC: à Lomé, la réunion de haut niveau réaffirme son soutien au processus de Doha et exhorte Kinshasa et l'AFC/M23 à reprendre les discussions pour finaliser les protocoles restants de l'accord-cadre" [Eastern DRC: In Lomé, the high-level meeting reaffirms its support for the Doha process and urges Kinshasa and the AFC/M23 to resume discussions to finalize the remaining protocols of the framework agreement]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  21. ^ "RDC: une colonne de combattants quitte Uvira, l'AFC/M23 affirme avoir achevé son retrait de la ville" [DRC: A column of fighters leaves Uvira; the AFC/M23 claims to have completed its withdrawal from the city]. Actualite.cd (in French). 17 January 2026. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  22. ^ "RDC: le gouverneur du Sud-Kivu accuse l'AFC/M23 de maintenir des éléments armés dissimulés à Uvira pour créer le chaos" [DRC: The governor of South Kivu accuses the AFC/M23 of maintaining armed elements hidden in Uvira to create chaos]. Actualite.cd (in French). 18 January 2026. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  23. ^ Muamba, Clément (19 January 2026). "Est de la RDC: les FARDC annoncent avoir repris le contrôle d'Uvira et dénoncent des pillages avant le retrait de l'AFC/M23" [Eastern DRC: FARDC announce they have regained control of Uvira and denounce looting before the withdrawal of the AFC/M23]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  24. ^ "Walikale: une position des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 ciblée par des frappes aériennes des FARDC à Kasopo" [Walikale: AFC/M23 rebel position targeted by FARDC airstrikes in Kasopo]. Actualite.cd (in French). 19 January 2026. Retrieved 19 January 2026.
  25. ^ "Rutshuru: un chef local et son épouse tués dans le groupement Kanyabayonga sous l'AFC/M23" [Rutshuru: A local chief and his wife killed in the Kanyabayonga area under the AFC/M23]. Actualite.cd (in French). 22 January 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
  26. ^ Kapinga, Yvonne (23 January 2026). "Est de la RDC: le Rwanda affirme clairement collaborer avec les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 "en matière de coordination sécuritaire"" [Eastern DRC: Rwanda clearly states it is collaborating with the AFC/M23 rebels "on security coordination"]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 27 January 2026.
  27. ^ Chanson, Romain (23 January 2026). "Est de la RDC: à Washington, le Rwanda admet collaborer avec l'AFC/M23" [Eastern DRC: In Washington, Rwanda admits to collaborating with the AFC/M23]. Jeune Afrique (in French). Retrieved 27 January 2026.
  28. ^ ""Le Rwanda fait de la coordination sécuritaire avec l'AFC/M23", selon l'ambassadrice rwandaise aux États-Unis" ["Rwanda is coordinating security efforts with the AFC/M23", according to the Rwandan ambassador to the United States]. Information.tv5monde.com/afrique (in French). TV5Monde. 25 January 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
  29. ^ "Walikale: frappes de drone de l'armée sur les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 à Buleusa" [Walikale: Army drone strikes on AFC/M23 rebels in Buleusa]. Actualite.cd (in French). 23 January 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
  30. ^ "Nord-Kivu: après Buleusa, la position des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 à Kikuku à son tour frappée par un drone des FARDC" [North Kivu: After Buleusa, the AFC/M23 rebel position in Kikuku was also struck by a FARDC drone]. Actualite.cd (in French). 23 January 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
  31. ^ "Walikale: les FARDC repoussent une attaque de l'AFC/M23 sur la colline Nkobe, dans la zone autour de Pinga" [Walikale: FARDC repels an AFC/M23 attack on Nkobe hill, in the area around Pinga]. Actualite.cd (in French). 24 January 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
  32. ^ "Walikale: Mpety et Mindjendje, principaux bastions des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 ciblés par des frappes aériennes des FARDC" [Walikale: Mpety and Mindjendje, main strongholds of the AFC/M23 rebels, targeted by FARDC airstrikes]. Actualite.cd (in French). 25 January 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
  33. ^ "Walikale: deux personnes enlevées par des hommes armés à Kateku, une zone sous contrôle des rebelles de l'AFC/M23" [Walikale: Two people abducted by armed men in Kateku, an area under the control of the AFC/M23 rebels]. Actualite.cd (in French). 26 January 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
  34. ^ "Walikale: assassinat du chef du village Bushani, près de Kashebere dans une zone contrôlée par les rebelles de l'AFC/M23" [Walikale: Assassination of the village chief of Bushani, near Kashebere in an area controlled by the AFC/M23 rebels]. Actualite.cd (in French). 27 January 2026. Retrieved 27 January 2026.
  35. ^ "Walikale: violents affrontements entre l'AFC/M23 et les FARDC à Chanjikiro" [Walikale: Violent clashes between the AFC/M23 and the FARDC in Chanjikiro]. Actualite.cd (in French). 30 January 2026. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  36. ^ "Les positions de l'AFC/M23 à Mindjendje (Walikale) de nouveau ciblées par des frappes aériennes des FARDC" [AFC/M23 positions in Mindjendje (Walikale) were again targeted by FARDC airstrikes]. Actualite.cd (in French). 30 January 2026. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  37. ^ "Est de la RDC: l'armée rapporte la reddition de 265 combattants de l'AFC/M23 en janvier" [Eastern DRC: The army reports the surrender of 265 AFC/M23 fighters in January]. Actualite.cd (in French). 2 February 2026. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  38. ^ a b Schreder, Claire (2 February 2026). "Congo War Security Review: An in-depth review of activity related to the war in the eastern DRC between M23 and its Rwandan backers and pro-Congolese government forces". Critical Threats. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  39. ^ "Sud-Kivu: Les FARDC reprennent le contrôle de Point Zéro après de violents combats" [South Kivu: FARDC regain control of Point Zero after fierce fighting]. Les Volcans News (in French). 29 January 2026. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  40. ^ Tshiyoyo, Freddy (29 January 2026). "Est de la RDC: les FARDC sécurisent Point Zéro, verrou stratégique du Sud-Kivu" [Eastern DRC: FARDC secures Point Zero, strategic stronghold in South Kivu]. FNTV (in French). Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  41. ^ Mukendi, Gaston (2 February 2026). "RDC: 8 drones visant l'aéroport de Bangboka à Kisangani abattus par les FARDC, les autorités accusent l'AFC/M23" [DRC: 8 drones targeting Bangboka airport in Kisangani shot down by FARDC, authorities accuse AFC/M23]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  42. ^ Muamba, Clément (6 February 2026). "RDC: l'UA condamne l'attaque de l'AFC/M23 visant l'aéroport de Kisangani et rappelle qu'un tel acte met gravement en danger les populations civiles" [DRC: The AU condemns the AFC/M23 attack on Kisangani airport and reiterates that such an act seriously endangers civilian populations]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  43. ^ Muamba, Clément (6 February 2026). "Attaque de l'AFC/M23 contre l'aéroport de Kisangani: l'UA met en garde contre l'extension des hostilités à des villes éloignées des lignes de front" [AFC/M23 attack on Kisangani airport: AU warns against the spread of hostilities to cities far from the front lines]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  44. ^ Muamba, Clément (8 February 2026). "Attaque par drones de l'AFC/M23 contre l'aéroport de Kisangani: les enquêtes se poursuivent et des mesures sont prises face à de nouvelles menaces (Gouvernement)" [AFC/M23 drone attack on Kisangani airport: investigations continue and measures are being taken in response to new threats (Government)]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  45. ^ Muamba, Clément (4 February 2026). "Aéroport de Kisangani: l'AFC/M23 revendique l'attaque affirmant avoir ciblé le centre de commandement des drones de l'armée" [Kisangani Airport: AFC/M23 claims responsibility for the attack, stating that it targeted the army's drone command center]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  46. ^ "QATAR: Kinshasa et l'AFC/M23 signent à Doha le mandat du mécanisme issu de la CIRGL" [QATAR: Kinshasa and the AFC/M23 sign the mandate of the ICGLR mechanism in Doha]. Actualite.cd (in French). 2 February 2026. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  47. ^ "RDC–AFC/M23: que va réellement changer le nouveau mécanisme de supervision et de vérification du cessez-le-feu?" [DRC–AFC/M23: What will the new ceasefire supervision and verification mechanism actually change?]. Actualite.cd (in French). 3 February 2026. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  48. ^ "Walikale: les FARDC repoussent une attaque des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 à Kalinga" [Walikale: FARDC repels an attack by AFC/M23 rebels in Kalinga]. Actualite.cd (in French). 3 February 2026. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  49. ^ "Rutshuru: des attaques de l'AFC/M23 repoussées dans deux localités près de Mweso" [Rutshuru: AFC/M23 attacks repelled in two localities near Mweso]. Actualite.cd (in French). 3 February 2026. Retrieved 9 February 2026.
  50. ^ "Walikale: les positions de l'AFC/M23 à Mindjendje ciblées par des frappes aériennes des FARDC" [Walikale: AFC/M23 positions in Mindjendje targeted by FARDC airstrikes]. Actualite.cd (in French). 11 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  51. ^ "RDC: malgré les appels au cessez-le-feu, le M23 annonce un renforcement de ses forces" [DRC: Despite calls for a ceasefire, the M23 announces a reinforcement of its forces]. Actualite.cd (in French). 10 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  52. ^ "Walikale: l'armée a mené des frappes par drones sur les positions de l'AFC/M23 à Mpety ce mercredi" [Walikale: The army conducted drone strikes on AFC/M23 positions in Mpety this Wednesday]. Actualite.cd (in French). 11 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  53. ^ "À quatre jours du cessez-le-feu annoncé, l'armée accuse l'AFC/M23 d'avoir incendié des maisons à Fizi-Uvira" [Four days before the announced ceasefire, the army accuses the AFC/M23 of having set fire to houses in Fizi-Uvira]. Actualite.cd (in French). 14 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  54. ^ "Retrait des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 de Buhaya, près de Pinga" [AFC/M23 rebels withdraw from Buhaya, near Pinga]. Actualite.cd (in French). 13 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  55. ^ "MONUSCO Head of Mission ad interim Vivian van de Perre is undertaking a visit to Goma to support ceasefire preparations". Monusco.unmissions.org/en. MONUSCO. 12 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  56. ^ "UN to launch reconnaissance flights to support eastern Congo ceasefire". Reuters.com/world/africa. Reuters. 12 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  57. ^ "Des scènes de pillage au village de Kateku à Walikale, les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 pointés du doigt" [Scenes of looting in the village of Kateku in Walikale; AFC/M23 rebels blamed]. Actualite.cd (in French). 13 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  58. ^ "Walikale: neuf combattants de l'AFC/M23 se rendent à Chanjikiro" [Walikale: Nine AFC/M23 fighters surrender to Chanjikiro]. Actualite.cd (in French). 16 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  59. ^ Schreder, Claire (20 February 2026). "Congo War Security Review: An in-depth review of activity related to the war in the eastern DRC between M23 and its Rwandan backers and pro-Congolese government forces". Critical Threats. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  60. ^ a b "Cessez-le-feu proposé par Lourenço: les FARDC accusent les RDF et l'AFC/M23 d'attaques à Walikale, Rutshuru et Fizi–Uvira" [Ceasefire proposed by Lourenço: FARDC accuses RDF and AFC/M23 of attacks in Walikale, Rutshuru and Fizi-Uvira]. Actualite.cd (in French). 20 February 2026. Retrieved 21 February 2026.
  61. ^ a b "Masisi: trois villages perdus par les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 près de la cité minière de Rubaya après une offensive des wazalendo" [Masisi: Three villages lost by AFC/M23 rebels near the mining town of Rubaya after a Wazalendo offensive]. Actualite.cd (in French). 23 February 2026. Retrieved 24 February 2026.
  62. ^ "Masisi: déplacements massifs des populations à la suite de l'offensive des miliciens wazalendo, alliés de l'armée à proximité de la cité minière de Rubaya" [Masisi: Massive population displacements following the offensive by Wazalendo militias, allies of the army, near the mining town of Rubaya]. Actualite.cd (in French). 24 February 2026. Retrieved 24 February 2026.
  63. ^ "DR Congo border crossing with Burundi reopens after AFC/M23 offensive". France24.com/en. France 24. 23 February 2026. Retrieved 24 February 2026.
  64. ^ "Masisi: des positions de l'AFC/M23 ciblées par des frappes des drones des FARDC à Kishusha, près de Rubaya" [Masisi: AFC/M23 positions targeted by FARDC drone strikes in Kishusha, near Rubaya]. Actualite.cd (in French). 24 February 2026. Retrieved 24 February 2026.
  65. ^ "M23 rebel spokesperson killed in drone strike in eastern Congo, officials say". Reuters.com/world/africa. London, England, United Kingdom: Reuters. 24 February 2026. Retrieved 24 February 2026.
  66. ^ BM (24 February 2026). "Sécurité: plusieurs sources annoncent le décès de Willy Ngoma, porte-parole de l'AFC/M23" [Security: Several sources report the death of Willy Ngoma, spokesperson for the AFC/M23]. Mediacongo.net (in French). Retrieved 24 February 2026.
  67. ^ a b Ford, Yale; Karr, Liam; Schreder, Claire (26 February 2026). "DRC Offensive Kills M23 Leader". Criticalthreats.org. Critical Threats. Retrieved 1 March 2026.
  68. ^ "Rutshuru: deux civils tués lors d'affrontements entre l'AFC/M23 et un groupe armé à JTN, près de Mwesso" [Rutshuru: Two civilians killed during clashes between the AFC/M23 and an armed group in JTN, near Mwesso]. Actualite.cd (in French). 27 February 2026. Retrieved 1 March 2026.
  69. ^ "Masisi: Chugi, Katobo et Kaniro de nouveau sous contrôle de l'AFC/M23, la crainte d'une crise humanitaire s'accentue" [Masisi: Chugi, Katobo and Kaniro back under AFC/M23 control, fears of a humanitarian crisis intensify]. Actualite.cd (in French). 27 February 2026. Retrieved 1 March 2026.
  70. ^ "Masisi: les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 reprennent le contrôle de Kasenyi et Luke après de violents combats" [Masisi: AFC/M23 rebels retake control of Kasenyi and Luke after fierce fighting]. Actualite.cd (in French). 26 February 2026. Retrieved 1 March 2026.
  71. ^ a b "RDC: nouvelles attaques de drones contre l'aéroport de Kisangani, pas de victimes" [DRC: New drone attacks against Kisangani airport, no casualties]. Actualite.cd (in French). 1 March 2026. Retrieved 1 March 2026.
  72. ^ "RDC: l'AFC/M23 revendique l'attaque de drones contre l'aéroport de Kisangani" [DRC: AFC/M23 claims responsibility for drone attack on Kisangani airport]. Actualite.cd (in French). 2 March 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  73. ^ "Masisi: la cité de Katoy tombe aux mains de l'AFC/M23" [Masisi: The city of Katoy falls to the AFC/M23]. Actualite.cd (in French). 2 March 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  74. ^ "Le village de Buhimba (Walikale) de nouveau sous contrôle de l'AFC/M23 après de violents combats contre l'armée et les wazalendo" [The village of Buhimba (Walikale) is once again under the control of the AFC/M23 after fierce fighting against the army and the Wazalendo]. Actualite.cd (in French). 2 March 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  75. ^ "Walikale: les FARDC et les wazalendo repoussent une attaque de l'AFC/M23 à Fungura, près de Pinga" [Walikale: FARDC and Wazalendo repelled an AFC/M23 attack in Fungura, near Pinga]. Actualite.cd (in French). 3 March 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  76. ^ Lukombo, Samyr (9 March 2026). "Est de la RDC: le CICR se dit prêt à accompagner le transfert vers Kinshasa, de plus de 5 000 militaires FARDC libérés par l'AFC/M23" [Eastern DRC: The ICRC says it is ready to accompany the transfer to Kinshasa of more than 5,000 FARDC soldiers released by the AFC/M23]. Actualite.cd (in French). Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  77. ^ a b c d "ACTUALITE SOIR — Vendredi 13 mars: "une humanitaire tuée, Paris saisit la justice, 18 ex-combattants du M23 arrivent à Pinga"" [EVENING NEWS — Friday, 13 March: "Aid worker killed, Paris takes legal action, 18 former M23 fighters arrive in Pinga"]. Actualite.cd (in French). 13 March 2026. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
  78. ^ "Treasury Sanctions Rwanda Officials, Condemns Blatant Violations of Washington Peace Accords". Home.treasury.gov/news. Washington, D.C., United States: United States Department of the Treasury. 2 March 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  79. ^ "Les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 reprennent également le contrôle de Kazinga (Masisi)" [The AFC/M23 rebels also regain control of Kazinga (Masisi)]. Actualite.cd (in French). 3 March 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  80. ^ "Masisi: les combattants de l'AFC/M23 se retirent de Buabo et Ndete, les wazalendo réoccupent les villages" [Masisi: AFC/M23 fighters withdraw from Buabo and Ndete, Wazalendo reoccupy the villages]. Actualite.cd (in French). 6 March 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  81. ^ "Les États-Unis vont imposer des restrictions de visa à des responsables rwandais pour soutien au M23 en RDC" [The United States will impose visa restrictions on Rwandan officials for supporting the M23 in the DRC]. Actualite.cd (in French). 6 March 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  82. ^ a b "Masisi: Une position des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 ciblée par des frappes aériennes des FARDC près de Mushaki" [Masisi: An AFC/M23 rebel position targeted by FARDC airstrikes near Mushaki]. Actualite.cd (in French). 7 March 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  83. ^ "Walikale: l'armée reprend le contrôle de Mukole après des combats contre l'AFC/M23" [Walikale: The army regains control of Mukole after fighting against the AFC/M23]. Actualite.cd (in French). 10 March 2026. Retrieved 10 March 2026.
  84. ^ a b Schreder, Claire (11 March 2026). "Congo War Security Review: An in-depth review of activity related to the war in the eastern DRC between M23 and its Rwandan backers and pro-Congolese government forces". Critical Threats. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
  85. ^ "Reddition d'une dizaine de combattants de l'AFC/M23 à Walikale" [Surrender of about ten AFC/M23 fighters in Walikale]. Actualite.cd (in French). 13 March 2026. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
  86. ^ "Goma: le gouvernement dit que les deux autres victimes seraient "un élément du M23 et un agent de sécurité privée"" [Goma: The government says the two other victims were "a member of the M23 and a private security agent"]. Actualite.cd (in French). 14 March 2026. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
  87. ^ "Masisi: le village de Malemo repris par les wazalendo après des violents combats contre l'AFC/M23" [Masisi: The village of Malemo retaken by the Wazalendo after fierce fighting against the AFC/M23]. Actualite.cd (in French). 16 March 2026. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
  88. ^ a b Schreder, Claire (16 March 2026). "Congo War Security Review: An in-depth review of activity related to the war in the eastern DRC between M23 and its Rwandan backers and pro-Congolese government forces". Critical Threats. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
  89. ^ "Masisi: les rebelles de l'AFC/M23 occupent de nouveau le village de Malemo" [Masisi: AFC/M23 rebels reoccupy the village of Malemo]. Actualite.cd (in French). 17 March 2026. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
  90. ^ "Plaine de la Ruzizi: calme précaire au lendemain des combats entre AFC/M23 et FARDC à Kabunambo et Runingu, la RN5 toujours fermé au trafic" [Ruzizi Plain: Precarious calm in the aftermath of fighting between AFC/M23 and FARDC in Kabunambo and Runingu; National Route 5 remains closed to traffic]. Actualite.cd (in French). 18 March 2026. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
  91. ^ "RDC: affrontements à Kabunambo entre FARDC et M23" [DRC: Clashes in Kabunambo between FARDC and M23]. DW News (in French). Bonn, Germany. 17 March 2026. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
  92. ^ a b c d e Schreder, Claire (20 March 2026). "Congo War Security Review: An in-depth review of activity related to the war in the eastern DRC between M23 and its Rwandan backers and pro-Congolese government forces". Critical Threats. Retrieved 21 March 2026.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.