Timeline of the James Madison presidency

The presidency of James Madison began on March 4, 1809, when James Madison was inaugurated as the fourth president of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1817, after two terms.

1809

March 1809

April 1809

  • April 19 – Madison proclaims the Erskine Agreement that will end the American embargo on the United Kingdom.[1][2]

May 1809

  • May 15 – Paul Hamilton becomes Secretary of the Navy.[8]
  • May 22 – The 11th United States Congress opens its first session.[9]
  • May 23 – Madison informs Congress that following the Erskine Agreement, trade with the United Kingdom can resume on June 10.[2]

June 1809

  • The 11th United States Congress adjourns its first session.[9]

July 1809

  • July 31 – The 1801 friendship and commerce treaty between France and the United States expires.[10]

August 1809

  • August 1 – Albert Gallatin considers resigning as Secretary of the Treasury amid his unpopularity among Congress and the cabinet, but Madison persuades him not to.[1]
  • August 9 – Madison restores the embargo on the United Kingdom.[1][2]

September 1809

October 1809

  • October 26 – The United States signs a treaty with the Wea.[11]

November 1809

December 1809

1810

January 1810

February 1810

March 1810

April 1810

  • April 16 – The Supreme Court rules in Fletcher v. Peck that Georgia's resolutions to the Yazoo land scandal violated contract rights.[1] This is the first time that the Supreme Court has struck down a state law as unconstitutional.[2] Madison responds by stating his intent to appoint members of his own party to the court.[1]

May 1810

  • May 1
    • Macon's Bill Number 2 replaces the Non-Intercourse Act, restoring American trade with France and the United Kingdom. It provides for the ability to restore either embargo depending on the countries' responses.[1][14]
    • The 11th United States Congress adjourns its second session.[9]

June 1810

  • June 7 – Thomas Sumter Jr. becomes minister plenipotentiary to Portugal, filling the vacancy left by William Loughton Smith in 1801.[12]
  • June 22 – The 1800 treaty of amity and commerce between Prussia and the United States expires. Portions will be revived in 1828.[15]

July 1810

August 1810

  • August 5 – The Cadore Letter is delivered to the American minister in France. It says France will end the trade restrictions imposed by the Berlin Decree and the Milan Decree if the United Kingdom ends its restrictions, or if the United States restores its restrictions against the United Kingdom.[1]
  • August 6 – The 1810 United States census begins.[2]

September 1810

October 1810

  • October 27 – Madison authorizes the occupation and annexation of Spanish West Florida after Americans seize land and establish the Republic of West Florida.[1] He declares it to be part of the land sold to the United States during the Louisiana Purchase.[2]

November 1810

  • November 2 – France and the United States agree to normalize trade under the terms of Macon's Bill Number 2.[1]
  • November 5 – Jonathan Russell becomes chargé d'Affaires to France while the position of minister plenipotentiary is vacant.[12]

December 1810

1811

January 1811

  • January 2 – Madison nominates Levi Lincoln Sr. to the Supreme Court.[16] He nominates John Tyler Sr. to the District Court for the District of Virginia.[13]
  • January 3 – Lincoln's Supreme Court nomination is confirmed, but he declines.[16] Tyler's district court nomination is confirmed.[13]
  • January 11 – The No-Transfer Resolution of 1811 decrees that the United States will oppose the acquisition of Florida (then part of the Spanish Empire) by other countries.[14]
  • January 15 – The president is authorized to occupy West Florida.[14]

February 1811

  • February 2 – Madison restores the American embargo on the United Kingdom. France had agreed to normalize trade with the United States, but it continues seizing American ships.[1]
  • February 4 – Madison nominates Alexander Wolcott to the Supreme Court.[16]
  • February 13 – The Senate rejects Wolcott's Supreme Court nomination.[16]
  • February 20 – The Territory of Orleans is authorized to form a state government.[14]
  • February 21
  • February 22 – Adams' Supreme Court nomination is confirmed, but he declines.[16]
  • February 28 – Madison vetoes an offer of land in the Mississippi Territory to a Baptist congregation, arguing that it would violate the Establishment Clause.[1]

March 1811

  • March 2
    • The Non-Importation Act of 1811 restores a ban on British good or ships in American ports.[14]
    • The Indian Trading House Act of 1811 reauthorizes the president to appoint a superintendent of Indian trade to oversee trade with Native American tribes.[14]
  • March 3
    • The First Bank of the United States closes after Congress declines to extend its charter, fearing potential British influence.[1]
    • The 11th United States Congress adjourns its third session.[9]

April 1811

  • April 1 – Robert Smith's tenure as of Secretary of State ends. He had been in conflict with Madison's administration, and Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin had threatened to resign if Smith remained in the cabinet.[7]
  • April 6 – James Monroe succeeds Albert Gallatin as Secretary of State.[17]

May 1811

June 1811

July 1811

  • July 2 – Robert Smith, Madison's former secretary of state, publishes Address to the People of the United States, in which he criticizes Madison's cabinet.[1]
  • July 6 – British minister to the United States Augustus Foster arrives in Washington, D.C. and threatens action against American commerce if Madison maintains an embargo against the United Kingdom.[1]
  • July 24 – Madison schedules a special session of Congress for November 4 in regard to the conflict with the United Kingdom.[1]

August 1811

September 1811

October 1811

November 1811

December 1811

  • December 10 – Caesar Augustus Rodney resigns as Attorney General.[5]
  • December 11 – William Pinkney succeeds Caesar Augustus Rodney as Attorney General.[18]
  • December 18 – Madison briefs Congress on the Battle of Tippecanoe.[2]

1812

January 1812

  • January 11 – The cap on enlistment for the United States Army is increased by 25,000 men.[19]
  • January 14 – Funding of $1.5 million is authorized for army equipment and $400,000 for naval equipment.[19]
  • January 27 – Congress considers a law expanding the navy, but it fails in the House of Representatives.[1]

February 1812

  • February 7 – Madison issues pardons to military deserters who return to duty.[2]

March 1812

  • March 3 – The Supreme Court delivers its decision in New Jersey v. Wilson that Indian territory retains any rights granted to it when sold to non-Indians.[2]
  • March 9 – Madison reports on the Henry letters of the spy John Henry, which implicate James Henry Craig, the governor general of Canada, of subversive activity in New England.[1]
  • March 13 – Madison nominates Thomas Parker to the District Court for the District of South Carolina.[16]
  • March 14 – The president is authorized to borrow up to $11 million for military funding.[19]
  • March 17 – Parker's district court nomination is confirmed, but he declines.[16]
  • March 21 – Augustus Foster informs the United States that the United Kingdom will not end its hostile action against American ships.[1]
  • March 23 – News reaches the United States that France has sunk American ships that had been delivering flour to the British army. Support for war against France grows in Congress.[1]
  • March 29 – The first White House wedding occurs when Thomas Todd, a justice of the Supreme Court, marries Lucy Washington, the sister of first lady Dolley Madison, at the White House.[2]

April 1812

  • April 1 – Madison asks Congress to impose an embargo on all vessels in port. This is a response to the French sinking of American ships.[2]
  • April 3 – Madison vetoes a bill that would allow Supreme Court justices to fill vacancies in other judicial positions, determining that it is a violation of the separation of powers.[2]
  • April 4 – An embargo on all American ships in port is enacted.[2][19]
  • April 8 – A bill is passed allowing the Orleans Territory to be admitted as a U.S. state named Louisiana.[19]
  • April 10 – The president is authorized to raise up to 100,000 militiamen.[19]
  • April 14 – The planned borders of Louisiana are expanded to include the Florida Parishes of West Florida.[19]
  • April 20 – Vice President George Clinton dies, leaving the office of vice president vacant.[3]
  • April 22 – Madison nominates John Fisher to the District Court for the District of Delaware.[13]
  • April 23 – Fisher's district court nomination is confirmed.[13]
  • April 25 – Louisiana is admitted as the eighteenth state of the United States.[1]

May 1812

June 1812

  • June 1 – Madison requests that Congress declare war against the United Kingdom.[1][2]
  • June 4
    • The House of Representatives votes to declare war against the United Kingdom, with 79 in favor and 49 opposed.[1]
    • The Missouri Territory is created from the land of the Louisiana Purchase that remained after Louisiana was admitted as a state.[19]
  • June 16 – To prevent war, the United Kingdom revokes the Orders in Council to end its naval action against American ships.[1][2]
  • June 17 – The Senate votes to declare war on the United Kingdom, with 19 in favor and 13 opposed.[1]
  • June 18
    • Madison declares war against the United Kingdom. This begins the War of 1812.[1][20]
    • Jonathan Russell's tenure as chargé d'Affaires to the United Kingdom ends.[12]
  • June 22 – General Henry Dearborn asks the states of New England to cap the number of militiamen guarding their borders, but Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island do not implement a cap.[1]
  • June 23 – The end of the Orders in Council is announced by Lord Castlereigh.[1]
  • June 30 – Treasury notes totaling $5 million are authorized to fund the war.[20]

July 1812

  • July 1 – Duties on foreign goods are doubled.[20]
  • July 6
    • The United States bans trade with foreign enemies or transporting goods into enemy territories.[20]
    • The 12th United States Congress adjourns its first session.[9]
  • July 9 – Madison proclaims a national day of prayer for the war.[2]

August 1812

  • August 8 – General Dearborn negotiates an armistice with Lower Canada.[1]
  • August 11 – General William Hull, the governor of Michigan, ends the American attack on Fort Malden.[1]
  • August 16 – British soldiers capture Detroit when General Hull surrenders before combat begins.[1]
  • August 25 – General Dearborn ends the armistice with Lower Canada following Madison's opposition.[1]

September 1812

October 1812

November 1812

December 1812

  • December 26 – Joel Barlow's tenure as minister plenipotentiary to France ends.[12]
  • December 31 – Paul Hamilton's tenure as Secretary of the Navy ends.[8]

1813

January 1813

  • January 2 – The Navy is authorized to construct four seventy-four gun ships and six forty-four gun first-class frigates.[20]
  • January 13 – William Eustis's tenure as Secretary of War ends. He is succeeded by John Armstrong Jr. the same day.[6]
  • January 14 – John Armstrong Jr. succeeds William Eustis as Secretary of War.[1]
  • January 18
  • January 19
    • William Jones becomes Secretary of the Navy, filling the vacancy left by Paul Hamilton.[22]
    • Tucker's district court nomination is confirmed.[13]
  • January 29 – The president is authorized to raise another twenty regiments for the army.[20]

February 1813

  • February 9 – Albert Gallatin is succeeded by George W. Campbell as Secretary of the Treasury.[4]
  • February 10 – Congress counts the presidential electoral votes.[2]

March 1813

  • March 3
    • The United States government authorizes anyone to destroy British ships and offers a bounty for each ship.[20]
    • The president is empowered to carry out "full and ample retaliation" in response to any Native American tribe that attacks the United States on behalf of the United Kingdom.[20]
    • The Department of War is expanded with the creation of three departments: the adjutant general, the inspector general, and the quartermaster general.[20]
    • The 12th United States Congress adjourns its second session.[9]
  • March 4 – Madison is inaugurated for his second term as president.[2]

April 1813

May 1813

  • May 24 – The 13th United States Congress opens its first session.[9]
  • May 25 – Madison reports to Congress on the delegation to negotiate peace with the United Kingdom.[2]
  • May 29 – Madison nominates Dominic Augustin Hall to the District Court for the District of Louisiana to restore him to the seat he had vacated in February.[13]
  • May 31 – Madison nominates Adams, Bayard, and Gallatin as peace negotiators.[1]

June 1813

July 1813

  • July 19 – The Senate rejects Gallatin's nomination as a peace negotiator. The nomination is later approved on the condition that Gallatin is removed as Secretary of the Treasury.[1]
  • July 22 – The office of Commissioner of Revenue is created within the Department of the Treasury. Districts are established in each state for the collection of duties and direct taxes.[23]
  • July 24 – The Revenue Acts of 1813 impose taxes on refined sugar, carriages, liquor distilleries, and ship auctions.[23]

August 1813

  • August 2
    • The president is authorized to borrow $7.5 million to fund the war.[23]
    • Direct taxes totaling $3 million are imposed on states and counties.[23]
    • Direct taxes are imposed on those selling liquor or imported goods.[23]
    • Duties are imposed on banks and banknotes.[23]
    • The 13th United States Congress adjourns its first session.[9]

September 1813

October 1813

November 1813

December 1813

  • December 6 – The 13th United States Congress opens its second session.[9]
  • December 7 – Madison delivers the 1813 State of the Union Address.[2]
  • December 9 – Madison requests a ban on trade with the United Kingdom or for any British-made goods. Congress approves the ban days later.[1]
  • December 14 – William H. Crawford becomes minister plenipotentiary to France, filling the vacancy left by Joel Barlow in 1812.[12]
  • December 17 – An embargo is imposed on all vessels docked in American ports and harbors.[2]
  • December 27 – Documents and records of Congress are made available to the national library, state governments, universities, and historical societies.[23]

1814

January 1814

  • January 3 – A British invitation to peace negotiations reaches the United States.[2]
  • January 6 – Madison reports to Congress on the British invitation to peace negotiations.[2]
  • January 27 – The payment for military service is increased.[23]

February 1814

  • February 1 – Madison selects John Quincy Adams, James Bayard, Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, and Jonathan Russell to participate in peace talks in Gothenburg, hosted by Sweden.[1]
  • February 8 – Albert Gallatin resigns as Secretary of the Treasury.[2]
  • February 9 – George W. Campbell becomes Secretary of the Treasury to fill the vacancy left by Albert Gallatin.[1]
  • February 10
    • William Pinkney's tenure as Attorney General ends.[18] He is succeeded by Richard Rush, who had originally been offered the position of Secretary of the Treasury but declined.[24]
    • The first of four February bills to expand the military is signed.[2]

March 1814

April 1814

  • April 14 – The United States ends its trade embargo following the change of leadership in France.[1]
  • April 18 – The 13th United States Congress adjourns its second session.[9]
  • April 28 – John Quincy Adams' tenure as minister plenipotentiary to Russia ends.[12]

May 1814

  • May 2 – The frigate USS Superior is launched at Sackets Harbor, New York.[21]
  • May 11 – General William Henry Harrison resigns. Despite Madison's objection, Andrew Jackson succeeds Harrison as major general.[1]

June 1814

July 1814

August 1814

  • August 9 – The United States signs the Treaty of Fort Jackson with the Creek people.[11] The treaty is the result of the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, and it cedes two thirds of the Creeks' territory to the United States.[1]
  • August 24 – The British launch an attack on Washington, D.C., commencing the Burning of Washington in retaliation for American burning of Canadian government buildings. The government retreats from the city. First lady Dolley Madison oversees the safe removal of the Lansdowne portrait of George Washington and various government documents. The White House will finish reconstruction in 1817.[1]
  • August 25 – The ship-of-the-line USS Franklin is launched at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard.[21]

September 1814

  • September 1
    • Madison issues a proclamation asking American citizens to protect Washington D.C.[2]
    • The Battle of Plattsburgh ends with an American victory against the British.[2]
  • September 14 – The Battle of Baltimore takes place. General Samuel Smith repels a British invasion. Francis Scott Key writes "The Star-Spangled Banner" following the American victory.[1]
  • September 19 – The 13th United States Congress opens its third session.[9]
  • September 20 – Madison delivers the 1814 State of the Union Address.[2]
  • September 26 – George W. Campbell's tenure as Secretary of the Treasury ends.[4]
  • September 27 – John Armstrong's tenure as Secretary of War ends. He is succeeded by Secretary of State James Monroe the same day.[6]

October 1814

  • October 1
  • October 4 – George W. Campbell resigns as Secretary of the Treasury.[2]
  • October 5 – Madison appoints Alexander J. Dallas as Secretary of the Treasury to fill the vacancy left by George W. Campbell.[1]
  • October 17 – Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas requests that Congress authorize a national bank.[1]
  • October 18 – The Massachusetts General Court calls for the states of New England to hold a convention in opposition to the federal government's military and trade policies.[1]
  • October 21 – The federal government purchases the personal library of Thomas Jefferson.[2]

November 1814

  • November 7 – Following his campaign against the Creek, Jackson captures British-occupied territory of Spain in Pensacola, Florida, while pursuing Creek forces. He does this without authorization.[1]
  • November 15 – The president is authorized to borrow $3 million to fund the war.[23]
  • November 23 – Vice President Elbridge Gerry dies, leaving the office of vice president vacant.[3]
  • November 29 – A special House committee on the Burning of Washington delivers its report.[2]

December 1814

  • December 1 – William Jones resigns as Secretary of the Navy.[2]
  • December 9 – The Senate votes to authorize a national bank.[1]
  • December 15 – The Hartford Convention begins meeting in Hartford, Connecticut, to express the interests of the states of New England.[1]
  • December 24 – The United Kingdom and the United States finish peace talks and sign the Treaty of Ghent.[1] It returns all seized territory besides West Florida and decrees that all prisoners of war are to be released.[25]

1815

January 1815

  • January 5 – The Hartford Convention ends. It releases a report criticizing the federal government's ability to defend New England and recommends negotiation to ensure protection. It also proposes constitutional amendments to protect New England interests as its population represents a shrinking proportion of the United States.[1]
  • January 7
    • The House passes a revised banking bill.[1]
    • Madison nominates James Sewall Morsell to the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia.[13]
  • January 8 – The Battle of New Orleans takes place. The American forces are led by General Andrew Jackson and defeat the British forces. The victory makes Jackson a national hero and causes the public to reject the Hartford Convention and the Federalist Party.[1]
  • January 9 – Direct taxes totaling $6 million are imposed on houses, lands, and slaves.[26]
  • January 11 – Morsell's circuit court nomination is confirmed.[13]
  • January 16 – Benjamin Crowninshield becomes Secretary of the Navy, filling the vacancy left by William Jones.[27]
  • January 18 – A sales tax is imposed on numerous common goods.[25]
  • January 27 – The president is authorized to raise up to 40,000 state troops to serve within their home states.[1][2]
  • January 30
    • Madison is unwilling to accept the compromises in the revised banking bill and issues a veto.[1]
    • Funding of $23,950 is authorized for the purchase of Thomas Jefferson's private library.[2]

February 1815

  • February 4 – The Enemy Trade Act of 1815 authorizes military force to enforce embargoes and allows any federal officer sued in a state court to remove the case to a federal court.[2]
  • February 13 – News reaches the United States that the Treaty of Ghent has been signed.[1]
  • February 15 – Congress authorizes $500,000 to repair the capital.[1]
  • February 16 – The Senate ratifies the Treaty of Ghent.[1][25]
  • February 17 – The Treaty of Ghent comes into force.[28]
  • February 18 – Madison proclaims the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. The War of 1812 ends.[2]
  • February 23 – Madison asks Congress for a declaration of war against Algiers.[2]
  • February 27 – The president is authorized to sell or lay up any naval flotilla gunboats.[25]
  • February 28 – Acting Secretary of State James Monroe is restored to his previous position as Secretary of State.[17]

March 1815

  • March 2 – James Monroe's tenure as Secretary of War ends.[6] Alexander Dallas becomes acting Secretary of War.[29]
  • March 3
    • The United States declares war on Algiers for its actions against American ships and its demands of tribute. This begins the Second Barbary War.[25]
    • The army is reduced to 10,000 men.[25]
    • Tax collectors are given expanded authority to sue and prosecute for the collection of taxes.[25]
    • The 13th United States Congress adjourns its third session.[9]

April 1815

  • April 30 – William H. Crawford's tenure as minister plenipotentiary to France ends.[12]

May 1815

June 1815

July 1815

  • July 3 – The treaty of commerce and navigation with the United Kingdom is signed.[32]
  • July 6 – A peace treaty between Algiers and the United States is signed.[30][31]
  • July 18 – The United States signs the first Treaty of Portage des Sioux with the Potawatomi.[11]
  • July 19 – The United States signs Treaties of Portage des Sioux with multiple Sioux tribes..[11]
  • July 20
  • The United States signs a Treaty of Portage des Sioux with the Makah.[11]

August 1815

  • August 1 – William H. Crawford becomes Secretary of War, filling the vacancy left by James Monroe.[6]
  • August 5 – The frigate USS Java is launched at Baltimore. It had been built for the War of 1812, but construction did not finish until after the war ended.[21]

September 1815

  • September 2 – The United States signs a Treaty of Portage des Sioux with the Kickapoo.[11]
  • September 8 – The United States signs the Treaty of Spring Wells with the Chippewa, Delaware, Miami, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Seneca, Shawnee, and Wyandot peoples.[11]
  • September 12 – The United States signs a Treaty of Portage des Sioux with the Osage people.[11]
  • September 13 – The United States signs a Treaty of Portage des Sioux with the Sauk people.[11]
  • September 14 – The United States signs a Treaty of Portage des Sioux with the Fox people.[11]
  • September 16 – The United States signs a Treaty of Portage des Sioux with the Iowa people.[11]

October 1815

November 1815

December 1815

  • December 4 – The 14th United States Congress opens its first session.[9]
  • December 5 – Madison delivers the 1815 State of the Union Address.[2]
  • December 6 – Madison submits the peace treaty with Algiers to the Senate.[2]
  • December 19 – The Senate ratifies the treaty of commerce and navigation with the United Kingdom.[32]
  • December 21 – The Senate ratifies the peace treaty with Algiers.[2][30]
  • December 26 – Madison proclaims the peace treaty with Algiers.[31]

1816

January 1816

  • January 8 – Madison nominates his recess appointment William Sanford Pennington to the District Court for the District of New Jersey.[13]
  • January 9 – Pennington's district court nomination is confirmed.[13]

February 1816

March 1816

  • March 5 – The annual direct tax on states is reduced to $3 million.[30]
  • March 19 – Congressmen's are switched from daily compensation to an annual salary.[30]
  • March 20 – The Supreme Court issues its decision in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, ruling that federal courts can review state courts' interpretation of the constitution.[2]
  • March 22 – The United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee.[11]

April 1816

  • April 10 – The Second Bank of the United States is authorized with a 20-year charter and $35 million in capital.[30]
  • April 19 – Indiana is authorized to enact a constitution and organize a state government.[2][30]
  • April 27 – The Tariff of 1816 imposes duties on imported goods.[2][30]
  • April 29
    • The Indian Trading License Law of 1816 bans non-citizens from trading with Native Americans in the United States.[30]
    • The navy is authorized to construct nine seventy-four gun ships, twelve forty-four gun frigates, and three steam batteries.[30]
  • April 30 – The 14th United States Congress adjourns its first session.[9]

May 1816

  • May 13 – The United States signs a treaty with the Sauk people.[11]

June 1816

  • June 1 – The United States signs a treaty with three Sioux groups.[11]
  • June 3 – The United States signs a treaty with the Winnebago people.[11]
  • June 4 – The United States signs a treaty with the Kickapoo and Wea peoples.[11]
  • June 29 – Indiana adopts its constitution and forms a state government.[30]

July 1816

  • July 16 – Albert Gallatin becomes envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to France, filling the vacancy left by William H. Crawford in 1815.[12]

August 1816

  • August 24
    • George W. Erving becomes minister plenipotentiary to Spain, filling the vacancy left by Charles Pinckney in 1804.[12]
    • The United States signs a treaty with the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi peoples.[11]

September 1816

October 1816

  • October 21 – Alexander Dallas's tenure as Secretary of the Treasury ends.[4]
  • October 22 – William H. Crawford becomes Secretary of the Treasury.[4] His tenure as Secretary of War ends[6] and George Graham becomes acting Secretary of War.[29]
  • October 24 – The United States signs the Treaty of Fort St. Stephens with the Choctaw.[11]

November 1816

  • November 1 – The 1816 presidential election takes places. Democratic–Republican candidate James Monroe defeats the Federalist candidate Rufus King with 183 electoral votes against King's 34.[1]

December 1816

  • December 2 – The 14th United States Congress opens its second session.[9]
  • December 3 – Madison delivers the 1816 State of the Union Address.[1][2]
  • December 11 – Indiana is admitted as the nineteenth U.S. state.[2][30]
  • December 22 – A new peace and amity treaty is signed with Algiers. It will not be ratified until 1822.[34]

1817

January 1817

February 1817

March 1817

  • March 1
    • The western area of the Mississippi Territory is authorized to form a constitution and a state government.[30]
    • The Navigation Act of 1817 bans non-American ships from carrying cargo from one American port to another, and from importing goods from other nations.[35]
  • March 3

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc "James Madison - Key Events". Miller Center of Public Affairs.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh "James Madison Event Timeline". The American Presidency Project.
  3. ^ a b c "About the Vice President". United States Department of State.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Prior Secretaries". U.S. Department of the Treasury.
  5. ^ a b "Attorney General: Caesar Augustus Rodney". United States Department of Justice. October 24, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Bell, William G. (2010). Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army: Portraits and Biographical Sketches (PDF). United States Army Center of Military History. p. 181.
  7. ^ a b "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Robert Smith (1757–1842)". Office of the Historian.
  8. ^ a b "Paul Hamilton Papers, 1802-1812". University of South Carolina Libraries.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Dates of Past Sessions". Congress.gov. Archived from the original on February 24, 2025.
  10. ^ Bevans 1968, Volume 7, p. 801.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "American Indian Treaties: Catalog Links". United States National Archives.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Chiefs of Mission By Country". United States Department of State.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present". Federal Judicial Center.
  14. ^ a b c d e f Stathis 2014, p. 38.
  15. ^ Bevans 1968, Volume 8, p. 88.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Unsuccessful Nominations and Recess Appointments". Federal Judicial Center.
  17. ^ a b c "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Monroe". Office of the Historian.
  18. ^ a b "Attorney General: William Pinkney". United States Department of Justice. October 24, 2022.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stathis 2014, p. 40.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i Stathis 2014, p. 41.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships". Naval History and Heritage Command.
  22. ^ "NH 54764-KN William Jones, Secretary of the Navy, 19 January 1813 - 1 December 1814". Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on April 4, 2025.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stathis 2014, p. 43.
  24. ^ "Attorney General: Richard Rush". United States Department of Justice. October 24, 2022.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g Stathis 2014, p. 44.
  26. ^ Stathis 2014, pp. 43–44.
  27. ^ "Crowninshield, Benjamin W." Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on July 12, 2024.
  28. ^ Bevans 1968, Volume 12, p. 41.
  29. ^ a b Bell, William G. (2010). Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army: Portraits and Biographical Sketches (PDF). United States Army Center of Military History. p. 177.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Stathis 2014, p. 46.
  31. ^ a b c Bevans 1968, Volume 1, p. 45.
  32. ^ a b Bevans 1968, Volume 12, p. 49.
  33. ^ a b Bevans 1968, Volume 11, p. 868.
  34. ^ Bevans 1968, Volume 1, p. 51.
  35. ^ a b Stathis 2014, p. 47.

Works cited

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