Timeline of the Emirate of Asir

The history of the Emirate of Asir spans the rise and fall of a short-lived political entity on the Tihama coast of the southern Arabian Peninsula. Established by Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, the state emerged from a Sufi framework to become a significant regional power during and after the First World War.[1]

Formation and expansion (1906–1918)

  • 1906: Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi begins initial state-building activities in Asir, transitioning from a religious leader to a political actor.[1]
  • 1907: al-Idrisi secures the allegiance of the tribes in Tihamat Asir.[2]
  • 1909: The first major military confrontation occurs between the Idrisi forces and the Ottoman Empire.[3]
  • Autumn 1910: Following a brief period of recognition as an Ottoman governor, hostilities resume after disputes over the implementation of Sharia law.[4]
  • 1911: A general uprising against Ottoman rule is met by several Ottoman military expeditions.[5]
  • 1911–1912: During the Italo-Turkish War, the Idrisi state forms a strategic alliance with Italy, receiving naval support and weaponry.[6]
  • 30 April 1915: Muhammad al-Idrisi signs the "Treaty of Friendship and Goodwill" with the British Empire, becoming the first Arab leader to formally join the Allied powers against the Ottomans.[7]
  • 1918: The emirate expands its domains, reaching as far as Hodeidah.[8]

Decline and internal strife (1919–1925)

  • 1919–1923: The post-war years are defined by intense territorial rivalry with Imam Yahya of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.[9]
  • March 1923: Death of the state's founder, Muhammad al-Idrisi, leading to an immediate succession crisis.[10]
  • 31 March 1923: Yemeni forces capture the capital and strategic port of Al Hudaydah, effectively ending Idrisi sovereignty over the southern Tihama.[11]
  • 1923–1925: A period of internal dynastic struggle erupts between Muhammad's son, Ali bin Muhammad al-Idrisi, and his uncle, Al-Hasan bin Ali al-Idrisi.[12]

Saudi annexation and dissolution (1926–1934)

  • 21 October 1926: Facing total collapse, Al-Hasan bin Ali signs the Mecca Agreement, which formally transforms the remaining Idrisi territories into a Saudi protectorate.[11]
  • November 1930: The protectorate is further integrated into the expanding Saudi state, being administratively categorized as a Saudi province.[13]
  • 1932: The "final Idrisi revolt" occurs as Al-Hasan bin Ali attempts to reclaim independence from Saudi control with support from Yemen.[14]
  • June 1934: Following the Saudi–Yemeni War, the Treaty of Taif is signed. It settles regional borders and marks the formal end of the Idrisi state as a political entity.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b Bang 1996, p. 1.
  2. ^ Al-Etaneh et al. 2024, p. 60-62.
  3. ^ Bang 1996, p. 92.
  4. ^ Bang 1996, p. 95.
  5. ^ Bang 1996, p. 98.
  6. ^ Bang 1996, p. 99.
  7. ^ Bang 1996, p. 101.
  8. ^ Baldry 1976, pp. 155–193.
  9. ^ Bang 1996, p. 110.
  10. ^ Bang 1996, p. 115.
  11. ^ a b Bang 1996, p. 121.
  12. ^ Bang 1996, p. 117.
  13. ^ Bang 1996, p. 126.
  14. ^ Bang 1996, p. 128.
  15. ^ Bang 1996, p. 130.

Bibliography

  • Al-Etaneh, G. F.; Hayajneh, R.; Al-Khatib, J. M.; Abdalla, A. A. (2024-09-13). "British-Idrisi relations in resisting Ottoman influence in Tihama Asir 1915-1926". Research Journal in Advanced Humanities. 5 (4). doi:10.58256/ck6ny078.
  • Baldry, John (1976). "Anglo-Italian Rivalry in Yemen and ʿAsīr 1900-1934". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 155–193. doi:10.2307/1570344. ISSN 0043-2539. JSTOR 1570344.
  • Bang, Anne K. (1996). The Idrisi State in Asir 1906–1934: Politics, Religion and Personal Prestige as Statebuilding Factors in Early Twentieth-Century Arabia. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-306-6.
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