Timeline of events preceding World War II

This timeline of events preceding World War II covers the events (mostly during the interwar period [1918–1939] after World War I) that affected or led to World War II.

1910s: 1910 · 1918 · 1919
1920s: 1920 · 1921 · 1922 · 1923 · 1924 · 1925 · 1926  · 1927 · 1928 · 1929
1930s: 1930 · 1931 · 1932 · 1933 · 1934 · 1935 · 1936  · 1937 · 1938 · 1939

Leaders of major participating countries

1895

1905

1910

1917

  • March 12 to November 7 [O.S. February 27 and October 25]: After years of strain brought about by war and food shortages, strikes broke out in the Russian capital of Saint Petersburg, while garrison troops refused to suppress the demonstrations. Facing the loss of support from the army and political elites, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated in March 1917, bringing an end to imperial rule in Russia. A Provisional Government was established, while authority was contested by the Petrograd Soviet in a period known as dual power.
  • In November 1917 (October in the Julian calendar), members of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin seized power in Saint Petersburg, overthrowing the Provisional Government after its defenses collapsed with minimal resistance. The Bolshevik takeover marked the beginning of a broader struggle for control of the country, eventually leading to the Russian Civil War.

1918

1919

  • January 4–15: The Spartacist uprising takes place and is crushed by the German government.
  • January 18: Opening of the Paris Peace Conference to negotiate peace treaties between the belligerents of World War I.
  • January 31: Battle of George Square takes place in Glasgow: the British Army is called in by the city authorities to quell a riot during a strike for a 40 hour work week.
  • February: The Polish–Soviet War begins with border clashes between the two states.
  • February 13: Japan issues the Racial Equality Proposal during the Paris Peace Conference. The proposal would abolish racial discrimination but it founders on opposition from the United States, Australia and New Zealand.
  • March 2: Foundation of the Third International, or Comintern, in Moscow. Comintern's stated aim is to create a global Soviet republic.
  • March 12: The Austrian Constituent National Assembly demands Austria's integration to Germany.[6]
  • March 21: Proclamation of the communist Hungarian Soviet Republic.
  • May 15: The Turkish War of Independence begins as Greek troops land in Smyrna.
  • June 21: A majority of the German fleet is scuttled at Scapa Flow in Scotland. The ships had been interned there under the terms of the 1918 Armistice while negotiations were occurring over the ships fate. The Germans feared that either the British would seize the ships or Germany would reject the Versailles Treaty and resume the war effort altogether with the ships likely being used against Germany in this case.
  • June 28: Germany and the Allied powers sign the Treaty of Versailles after six months of negotiations. The German armed forces are limited in size to 100,000 personnel and Germany is ordered to pay large reparations for war damages. Germany's ships and submarines are confiscated, its territories in Oceania and China are stripped away, and Germany's army is banned from any planes, zeppelins, tanks, submarines, or large ships. The United States signed the treaty but did not ratify it, later making a separate peace treaty with Germany.
  • July: An unknown corporal named Adolf Hitler infiltrates the German Workers' Party (the precursor of the Nazi Party) at the behest of the German Reichswehr.
  • August 1: Fall of the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic. The Hungarian People's Republic is reestablished.
  • August 3: The Hungarian–Romanian War ends.
  • August 8: The Hungarian People's Republic is dissolved.
  • September 10: German-Austria signs the Treaty of Saint-Germain. The peace treaty with the Allies regulates the borders of Austria, forbids union with Germany, and requires German-Austria to change its name to Austria. The United States did not ratify the treaty and later makes a separate peace treaty with Austria.
  • September 12: Gabriele D'Annunzio leads a force of Italian nationalist irregulars in the seizure of the disputed city of Fiume (Rijeka).
  • November 27: Bulgaria signs the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. The peace treaty gives Thrace back to Greece which was gained by them through the First Balkan War during 1913, while the Bulgarian army is reduced to 20,000 men and Bulgaria is ordered to pay war reparations.[7]

1920

  • January 21: The Paris Peace Conference comes to an end with the inaugural General Assembly of the League of Nations. Although one of the victors of World War I, the United States never joins the League.
  • February 24: The National Socialist German Workers' Party (better known as the Nazi Party) is founded in Munich.[8]
  • March: The failed right-wing Kapp Putsch takes place against the German government. The German military remains passive and the putsch is defeated by a general strike.
  • The German Ruhr Uprising, spurred by the general strike against the Kapp Putsch, is crushed by the German military.
  • June 4: Hungary signs the Treaty of Trianon with the Allied powers. The treaty regulated the status of an independent Hungarian state and defined its borders. The United States did not ratify the treaty and later makes a separate peace treaty with Hungary.

1921

  • Spring: Start of the Russian famine of 1921–1922 due to the combined effects of economic disturbance from the Russian Revolution, the Russian Civil War, and the government policy of war communism.
  • March 7–17: Red Army mutineers and Russian civilians seize the strategic city of Kronstadt in the Kronstadt rebellion, demanding expanded civilian rights and an end to the Bolshevik monopoly on Soviet politics. After several days and several thousand casualties, the rebellion is crushed by Bolshevik forces from neighboring Petrograd.

1922

1923

1924

  • January 21: Leader of the Soviet Union Vladimir Lenin dies, and Joseph Stalin begins purging rivals to clear the way for his dictatorship.
  • February 1: The United Kingdom extends diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union.
  • March 16: Italy annexes the Free State of Fiume.
  • April 1: Adolf Hitler is sentenced to 5 years in prison for his participation in the Beer Hall Putsch (he serves only 8 months).
  • April 6: Fascists win the 1924 Italian general election with a 2/3 majority.
  • June 10: Italian Fascists kidnap and kill socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti in Rome.
  • August 16: The Dawes Plan is accepted. It ends the Allied occupation of the Ruhr and sets a staggered plan for Germany's payment of war reparations.
  • August 18: France begins withdrawing its troops from the Ruhr in Germany.

1925

  • January 20: Signing of the Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention that normalizes relations between Japan and the Soviet Union.
  • April 4: Foundation of the paramilitary Nazi party organization the Schutzstaffel (SS). Originally intended as a personal bodyguard unit for party leader Adolf Hitler, the SS would grow in size and importance.
  • May 12: Retired Field marshal Paul von Hindenburg is elected President of Germany.
  • July 18: Hitler's autobiographical manifesto Mein Kampf is published.
  • December 1: The Locarno Treaties are signed in London (they are ratified September 14, 1926). The treaties settle the borders of western Europe and normalize relations between Germany and the Allied powers of western Europe.

1926

1927

1928

1929

  • February 9: Litvinov Protocol is signed in Moscow by the Soviet Union, Poland, Estonia, Romania, and Latvia. The Pact outlaws aggressive warfare along the lines of the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
  • February 11: Italy and the Holy See sign the Lateran Treaty, normalizing relations between the Vatican and Italy.
  • March 28: Japan withdraws troops from China, ending the Jinan incident.
  • April 3: Persia signs Litvinov's Pact.
  • June 7: The Lateran Treaty is ratified, making the Vatican City a sovereign state.
  • July 24: The Kellogg–Briand Pact goes into effect.
  • August 31: The Young Plan, which sets the total World War I reparations owed by Germany at US$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years, is finalized. It replaces the earlier Dawes Plan.
  • October 29: The Great Depression begins with the Wall Street crash.

1930

  • April 22: The United Kingdom, United States, France, Italy and Japan sign the London Naval Treaty regulating submarine warfare and limiting naval shipbuilding.
  • June 30: France withdraws its remaining troops from the Rhineland ending the occupation of the Rhineland.
  • September 14: German election results in the Nazis becoming the second-largest party in the Reichstag.

1931

  • May 19: Launching of the first Deutschland-class cruiser, Deutschland. The construction of the ship causes consternation abroad as it was expected that the restriction of 10,000 tons displacement for these ships would limit the German Navy to coastal defense vessels, not ships capable of warfare on the open sea.
  • September 18: Mukden incident: the Japanese military stage a false flag bombing against a Japanese-controlled railroad in the Chinese region of Manchuria, blaming Chinese dissidents for the attack, an incident that is considered important in the lead up to World War II.[13][14]
  • September 19: Using the Mukden Incident as a pretext, the Japanese invade Manchuria and create the Manchukuo puppet state.

1932

1933

1934

  • January 26: Germany and Poland sign the 10 year German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact.[20] From the German point of the view, the pact was intended to prevent Poland from intervening in an attempt to prevent the rearmament of Germany.[21]
  • February 9: Balkan Pact, a military alliance is signed between Greece, Turkey, Romania and Yugoslavia.[22] The intention of signing this treaty was to counteract plans being made by Italy to acquire new territories along with Bulgaria's intention to try and reclaim lost territories.[23]
  • February 12–16: The Austrian Civil War is fought, ending with Austrofascist victory.
  • March 20: All German police forces come under the command of Heinrich Himmler.
  • May 5: Soviet–Polish Non-Aggression Pact is extended to December 31, 1945.
  • June 30: Night of the Long Knives in Germany. Potential rivals to Hitler within the Nazi Party, including SA leader Ernst Röhm and prominent anti-Nazi conservatives such as, former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher, are killed by the SS and the Gestapo. Following this event, the SA continues to exist but loses almost all its influence and is effectively superseded by the SS.
  • July 20: The SS becomes an organization independent of the Nazi Party, reporting directly to Adolf Hitler.[24]
  • July 25: Austrian dictator Engelbert Dollfus bans Nazis in Austria. Austrian Nazis assassinate Engelbert Dollfuss during the failed July Putsch against the Austrian government.
  • August 2: Upon the death of President Hindenburg, Hitler makes himself Führer of Germany, becoming Head of State as well as Chancellor.
  • August 8: Members of the Wehrmacht begin swearing a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler instead of to the German constitution.
  • September: The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations.
  • October 5: Left-wing parties in the Second Spanish Republic start the Revolution of 1934 against the right-wing government.
  • October 9: King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Louis Barthou are assassinated in Marseille[25] Alexander's political murder further destabilized the Balkans. Barthou and Alexander were working for peace in Europe, particularly between Germany and the USSR, as they prepared both France and Yugoslavia for war.[26] Prince Peter II takes Alexander's place but because he is a minor a regency council would take control.
  • October 16: Beginning of the Long March where the Chinese Red Army retreats to evade the pursuit of Kuomintang forces.
  • December 1: Sergei Kirov, head of the Leningrad Communist Party, is murdered by an unknown assailant, precipitating a wave of repression in the Soviet Union.
  • December 5: The Abyssinia Crisis begins with the Walwal incident, an armed clash between Italian and Ethiopian troops on the border of Ethiopia.
  • December 29: Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty and the London Naval Treaty.

1935

  • January 7: The League of Nations approves the results of the Saar plebiscite, which allows Saar to be incorporated into German borders.[27]
  • June 18: The Anglo-German Naval Agreement is signed by Germany and the United Kingdom. The agreement allows Germany to build a fleet that's 35% the tonnage of the British fleet. In this way, the British hope to limit German naval rearmament. Germany builds a large amount of ships, submarines, planes, artillery, tanks, and zeppelins, disobeying the treaty of Versailles.
  • August 31: The Neutrality Act of 1935 is passed in the United States imposing a general embargo on trading in arms and war materials with all parties in a war and it also declared that American citizens traveling on ships of warring nations traveled at their own risk.
  • September 15: The Reichstag passes the Nuremberg Laws, institutionalizing discrimination against Jews and providing the legal framework for the systematic persecution of Jews in Germany.
  • October 3: Italy invades Ethiopia, beginning the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The League of Nations denounces Italy and calls for an oil embargo that fails.[28]
  • November 14: Final British General election until 1945. Stanley Baldwin replaces Ramsay MacDonald as Prime Minister.

1936

  • July 18: The Spanish coup of July 1936 by Nationalist forces marks the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. The coup initially begins in Spanish Morocco when a garrison of Spanish Foreign Legion soldiers rebel. This rebellion later spreads across the whole country.[33]
  • August 1: Germany hosts the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.
  • August 19: Commencement of the first Moscow show trials against Old Bolshevik Party leaders and top officials of the Soviet secret police.
  • October: The Great Purge truly commences in the Soviet Union with widespread repression of suspected opponents of the regime. The purge leads to the imprisonment and death of many military officers and even leaders of the Party and the Comintern, weakening the Soviet military ahead of World War II.
  • October 18: Hermann Göring is made head of the German Four Year Plan, an effort to make Germany self-sufficient through autarky and increase armaments.
  • November 3: Franklin D. Roosevelt wins reelection defeating Alf Landon.
  • November 14: Suiyuan campaign begins as Japanese-backed Mongolian troops attack the Chinese garrison at Hongort.
  • November 15: The aerial German Condor Legion goes into action for the first time in the Spanish Civil War in support of the Nationalist side.
  • November 25: The Anti-Comintern Pact is signed by Japan and Germany. The signing parties agree to go to war with the Soviet Union if one of the signatories is attacked by the Soviet Union.
  • December 1: Hitler makes it mandatory for all males between the ages 10–18 to join the Hitler Youth.
  • December 12: Kuomintang marshal Zhang Xueliang kidnaps Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek in order to compel the Kuomintang to make a truce with the Chinese Communist party for the purpose of fighting the invading Japanese.
  • Edward VIII is forced to abdicate due to his marriage to Wallis Simpson and is succeeded by Albert, Duke of York, who assumes the name King George VI
  • December 23: The first 3,000 men of the Italian expeditionary force (later named Corpo Truppe Volontarie) lands in Cadiz in support of the Nationalist side in the Spanish Civil War.
  • December 24: The Second United Front is formed between the Chinese Communist party and the Kuomintang, temporarily suspending the Chinese Civil War for the sake of fighting the Japanese.

1937

  • January 20: President Roosevelt begins his second term in his presidency.
  • February 21: The Non-Intervention Committee of the League of Nations prohibits foreign intervention or involvement in the Spanish Civil War.
  • 26 April: Bombing of Guernica by the German Condor Legion and the Italian Aviazione Legionaria at the behest of Franco's Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War. The bombing claims many civilian lives and draws widespread condemnation internationally.
  • May 7: The Condor Legion Fighter Group is deployed in Spain and begins to aid the Falangists.
  • May 28: Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.[34]
  • June 21: Léon Blum's coalition government collapses.
  • July 7: The Marco Polo Bridge incident occurs, beginning the Second Sino-Japanese War. Some scholars consider this to be the start of World War II.[35][36] Japanese forces were doing military exercises near the Marco Polo Bridge;[37] which begun on July 6[38] which the Chinese objected to but let occur. The Chinese requested that locals be informed of exercises occurring at night which the Japanese promised but did not end up doing this.[37] During that night Captain Shimizu reported one of his soldiers, Private Shimura as being missing as he was not present during a rollcall but later reappeared 20 minutes later. However Shimizu postponed reporting Shimura's return by 4 hours for unknown reasons.[39] The Japanese demanded they be granted access to search for the missing soldier in Chinese territory but the Chinese refused this request. Whether it was the Japanese or Chinese forces that fired first is unclear.[40]
  • August 8: Japanese forces occupy the city of Beijing.
  • August 13: Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Shanghai commences.
  • October 5: President Roosevelt gives the Quarantine Speech outlining a move away from neutrality and towards "quarantining" all aggressors.[41]
  • October 13: Germany notifies Belgium that its sovereignty will be guaranteed as long as Belgium refrains from taking part in military action against Germany.
  • November 5: Adolf Hitler holds a secret meeting in the Reich Chancellery and discusses the need for "lebensraum."
  • November 6: Italy joins the Anti-Comintern Pact.
  • November 26: Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Shanghai ends in Japanese victory as Chinese forces evacuate the city.
  • December 1: Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Nanjing commences as Japanese forces attack the city.
  • December 8: Japan established the puppet state of Mengjiang in the Inner Mongolia region of the Republic of China.[42]
  • December 11: Italy leaves the League of Nations.
  • December 12: The USS Panay incident occurs, where Japanese aircraft attacked the American gunboat Panay which was carrying American evacuees and escorting four Standard Oil Barges. 3 people end up being killed in the attack while 11 are wounded; which leads to a diplomatic crisis between the US and Japan.[43]
  • December 13: Second Sino-Japanese War: start of the Rape of Nanjing following Japanese victory in the Battle of Nanjing.

1938

.

  • October 5: Germany invalidates the passports of all its Jewish citizens who are reissued passports with the letter "J" stamped in red. This change was made after requests by Sweden and Switzerland who wanted a way of easily denying Jews entry into their countries.[1][2]
  • November 7: Polish-German Jew Herschel Grynszpan shoots the German consular aide Ernst vom Rath in Paris.[44][48]
  • November 9: The Nazis use von Rath's death as the pretext for the Kristallnacht Pogrom in Germany; thousands of Jewish shops and synagogues are smashed, looted, burned, and destroyed throughout the country.[44]

1939

See also

Notes and references

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  2. ^ Young, Louise (1999). Japan's total empire: Manchuria and the culture of wartime imperialism. Twentieth century Japan (1st pbk. ed.). Berkeley: Univ. of Calif. Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21934-2.
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