Timeline of Southern Maryland
Southern Maryland | |
|---|---|
The counties of Southern Maryland. According to the state of Maryland, the region includes all of Calvert, Charles, and St. Mary's counties (red) and the southern portions of Anne Arundel and Prince George's counties (light red)[1] |
The following is a timeline of the history of the region of Southern Maryland.
3rd century
- 200 - Beginning occupation of a Piscataway village near present-day Biscoe Gray.[2]
14th century
- 1330 - Beginning occupation of the Piscataway village Moyaone.[3]
17th century
1600-1649
- 1608 - John Smith and William Caliborne make contact with the Piscataway.[4]
- 1623 - Moyaone is burned to the ground by Virginian colonists, the village would be rebuilt upon the same site.[5][6]
- 1632 - Charles I of England deeds the land of Maryland to George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore.[7]
- 1634 - The Ark and the Dove ships bring people to Southern Maryland, among them Leonard Calvert and Mathias de Sousa[8][9] This would lead to the settling of St. Mary's City on the site of the abandoned village of Yacomoco.[10]
- 1636 - The Piscataway tayac Wannas is murdered by his brother Kittamaquud, who goes on to rule in his place.[10]
- 1640 July 5 - Kittamaquund is baptized by Jesuit Andrew White.[10][5]
- 1641 - The Piscataway tayac Kittamaquund dies.[10]
- 1642 - Mathias de Sousa votes as a freeman in the Maryland Propriety Assembly.[11]
- 1644 - Beginning of Plundering Time that saw Richard Ingle temporarily take control of St. Mary's City.[12]
- 1646 - Leonard Calvert regains control of St. Mary's City.[13]
- 1649 April 12 - Maryland Toleration Act is passed in St. Mary's City.[14]
1650-1699
- 1650 - Anne Arundel County is organized.[15]
- 1654 - Calvert County is organized.[16]
- 1658 April 13 - Charles County is organized.[17]
- 1666 April 20 - The 1666 Articles of Peace and Amity is signed between Maryland's government and 12 Eastern Algonquian-speaking Indigenous nations, including the Piscataway, Anacostanck, Doegs, Mikikiwomans, Manasquesend, Mattawoman, Chingwawateick, Hangemaick, Portobackes, Sacayo, Panyayo, and Choptico.[4][18]
- 1669 - Piscataway Manor, an Indian reservation, is established.[4] While centered on the former Piscataway city of Moyaone, the area would also include people of the 12 Eastern Algonquian-speaking Indigenous nations from the 1666 peace treaty.[19]
- 1669 - The first Calvert County courthouse is built at Battle Town, near Battle Creek.[20]
- 1675 - Cecil Calvert dies, Charles Calvert is sent to London to assume baronial rank, he would never return to Maryland[21]
- 1676 - A group of Protestant Associators meet in Calvert County and publish Complaint from Heaven with a Huy and crye and a petitionout of Virginia and Maryland.[21]
- 1681 - Maryland passes a law that children born to free black women and black children born to white women would be free.[11]
- 1683 - Battle Town renamed "Calvertown."[20]
- 1683 - Lower Marlborough is established.[22]
- 1683 - Huntingtown is founded at the head of Hunting Creek.[22]
- 1683 - Christ Church is established in Port Tobacco.[23]
- 1685 October 9 - After being found guilty of bewitching Francis Sandsbury and others in Calvert County, Rebecca Fowler becomes the only person convicted and executed for witchcraft in Maryland.[24][25]
- 1689 - Beginning of the Protestant Revolution in Maryland.[21]
- 1692 - The Church of England is made the established church of the Maryland Colony.[26] 30 Anglican Parishes are created, including St. James Parish in Lothian, St. Paul's Parish in Baden, and All Saints Parish in Sunderland.[22]
- 1695 - Calvert County land is partitioned into parts of St. Mary's, Charles, and Prince George's counties, creating the boundaries of the county today.[16]
- 1695 - Governor Francis Nicholson moves the colonial capital of Maryland from St. Mary's city to Annapolis.[27]
- 1697 - Under the tayac Ochotomaquath, the Piscataway would come under the protection of the Onöndowa'ga:', and would flee north towards Pennsylvania.[7]
- 1698 February - Local legend has it that Moll Dyer is chased from her home and supposedly dies kneeling on a rock in St. Mary's County.[25]
18th century
- 1704 - Public worship of Catholicism is banned in Maryland.[29][30]
- 1711 - After coming under the influence of the Great Law of Peace, the Piscataway become known by their anglicized Iroquois name "Conoy."[7]
- 1718 - Roman Catholics are stripped of the right to vote in Maryland.[31]
- 1721 March 19 - Upper Marlboro is designated the county seat of Prince George's county.[32]
- 1725 November 5 - "Williams' Old Field" replaces Calvertown as the county seat for Calvert County following an Act of Assembly.[16][20]
- 1728 October 30 - "Williams' Old Field" is renamed "Prince Frederick."[20]
- 1732 - Construction completed for the Calvert County courthouse.[16][20]
- 1732 November 4 - Thomas Johnson is born near St. Leonard's Creek.[33][20]
- 1748 April 20 - Fire destroys Calvert County courthouse.[20]
- 1780 - British troops invade Calvert County, destroying property and burning buildings.[34][35]
- 1783 - Maryland prohibits the importation of enslaved people.[36]
- 1789 June 15 - Josiah Henson, who Harriet Beecher Stowe cites as being one of the inspirations for her 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, is born in Port Tobacco.[11][37]
- 1779 January 14 - Joseph Kent is born in Calvert County.[20]
- 1794 - Following the Battle of Fallen Timbers some members of the Piscataway tribe migrated south, returning to their ancestral lands in Maryland.[7]
19th century
1800-1849
- 1814 June 8-10- Several attacks involving the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla take place near and around St. Leonard's Creek.[38][20] During this time, many enslaved people living in Southern Maryland found freedom by fleeing to the British military.[39]
- 1814 July 19- British burn the Prince Frederick Courthouse.[20] At least 14 enslaved persons escaped to freedom via a British Vessel in Lower Marlboro.[9]
- 1814 August - British soldiers arrive in Benedict and march north to Upper Marlboro.[22]
- 1819 - Third Prince Frederick courthouse is constructed.[20]
- 1837 - Charles Ball publishes his autobiography, “The Life and Adventures of Charles Ball."[40]
- 1843 - Smithville United Methodist Church is built near present-day Dunkirk.[22]
- 1845 July - Two enslaved men named Mark Caesar and Bill Wheeler lead a slave rebellion Charles County.[9]
1850-1899
- 1853 - Charter granted to the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad with their right of way running from Baltimore to Pope's Creek in Charles County.[41]
- 1858 February 12 - The town on Leonardtown is incorporated.[42]
- 1863 October - Camp Stanton, a site created for the recruiting and training of African American men, is established near Benedict.[9]
- 1864 November 1 - Maryland ratifies a new constitution that prohibits slavery.[11]
- 1865 - St. Edmonds United Methodist Church is built in Chesapeake beach with assistance from the Freedman's Bureau.[22]
- 1865 April 15 - John Wilkes Booth stops at St. Catharine, Samuel Mudd's house in Waldorf.[43][44]
- 1866 August 8 - Explorer Matthew Henson is born in Nanjemoy.[45]
- 1867 - Isaac Solomon started a commercial fishery on what was then referred to as "Somervell's Island"[46] or "Sandy Island,"[35] later to be known as Solomon's Island.[16]
- 1868 March 20 - Southern Maryland Railroad is incorporated, with plans to connect Washington, D.C. to Point Lookout in St. Mary's County.[47][48]
- 1868 March 30 - Baltimore and Drum Point Railroad Company receives a charter to connect the two points. No construction is ever completed.[47]
- 1869 - Wallville School opens in Calvert County serving as a one-room schoolhouse for African American students.[49]
- 1870 - Construction completed on a Solomon's Island Post Office and a causeway connecting the island to Calvert County's mainland.[46][35]
- 1877 - Issac Davis completes construction of the first framed bugeye, "Clyde," on Solomons Island.[35]
- 1881 - Courthouse built in Upper Marlboro.[22]
- 1882 March 3 - Calvert County courthouse destroyed, along with its records, in a fire.[40][20]
- 1883 October - Trains begin running on the Southern Maryland Railroad from Brandywine to Mechanicsville.[50]
- 1884 - Fourth Prince Frederick courthouse is constructed.[20]
- 1885 September - St. Mary's Academy opens.[51]
- 1886 - Post office opens in Shady Side.[22]
- 1886 April 1 0 The Southern Maryland Railroad is sold and reincorporated into the Washington & Potomac Railroad.[52]
- 1886 April 7 - The town of Chesapeake Beach is incorporated.[53]
- 1886 June 6 - Charles Whitley is lynched in Prince Frederick.[54]
- 1888 March 6 - The town of Chesapeake Beach's incorporation is repealed.[55]
- 1888 April 4 - The towns of La Plata[56] and Port Tobacco Village are incorporated.[57]
- 1890 - Drayden African American Schoolhouse is built in St. Mary's county.[9]
- 1891 - State of Maryland grants a charter to the Washington and Chesapeake Beach Railway Company.[58]
- 1890 - Indian Head Naval Surface Warfare Center opens.[59]
- 1894 April 3 - The town of Chesapeake Beach is reincorporated with the help of the Washington and Chesapeake Beach Railway Company.[60][58]
- 1895 - Turkey Tayac is born.[7]
- 1896 - Chesapeake Beach Railway Company takes over charter from the Washington and Chesapeake Beach Railway Company.[58]
20th century
1900-1949
- 1900 - The steamboat J.S. Warden begins to take passengers from Baltimore to Chesapeake Beach.[61][47]
- 1903 - The McDonough Institute, the first high school in Charles County and predecessor to Maurice J. McDonough High School, opens.[62]
- 1910 - The town of North Beach is incorporated.[63]
- 1916 October - Following the razing of the fourth Prince Frederick Courthouse, the fifth, and current courthouse completes construction.[64]
- 1920 - WWI Memorial Statue designed by Edward Berge is erected in font of the Calvert County Courthouse. The statue lists names of fallen White soldiers separate from fallen Black soldiers.[9]
- 1920 April 16 - The town of Indian Head is incorporated.[65]
- 1922 - Central Industrial School opened in Prince Frederick as a multi-room school for African Americans in Calvert County.[49]
- 1923 March 30 - Belvedere Hotel in Chesapeake Beach is destroyed in a fire.[58]
- 1924 - St. Mark's Chapel is built in Deale.[22]
- 1925 - Chesapeake Biological Laboratory begins operations in Solomons.[66] R.V. Truitt serves as the facility's first director.[67]
- 1930 - Seaside Park opens in Chesapeake Beach.[58]
- 1930's - Owings Eagles begin to play on Gray's Field.[9]
- 1933 - Pomonkey High School opens as the first high School for African Americans in Charles County.[9]
- 1933 August 23 - A storm hits Solomon's Island, destroying oyster beds and packing houses.[35]
- 1934 - Wallville School ceases operations as a school.[49]
- 1935 April 15 - The final train leaves the Chesapeake Beach Railway Station as Chesapeake Beach Railways closes down due to bankruptcy.[58]
- 1937 - The Southern Maryland Electric Cooperative is established.[68]
- 1937 December 27 - Calvert County agrees to equal pay for their African American school teachers following a suit from Harriet Elizabeth Brown and NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall.[69]
- 1939 - W. Sampson Brooks High School opens as the first high School for African Americans in Calvert County.[49]
- 1940 December - Governor Harry W. Nice Memorial Bridge opens.[70]
- 1941 - Riverside Airfield opens in Croom and becomes the first African American-owned and operated airfield in Maryland.[71]
- 1942 June 11 - The Naval Amphibious Training Base Solomons is established.[16][33] Railroad track originally laid by the Southern Maryland Railroad Company is purchased by the US Government with plans to extend the line to the base Naval Air Station Patuxent River.[47]
- 1943 April 1 - Naval Air Station Patuxent River is commissioned.[72]
- 1945 - Park Hall Airport opens in Lexington Park.[73]
- 1949 - Slot machines are allowed by law in Calvert and Charles Counties.[74][22]
1950-1999
- 1952 - Benedict Bridge opens and connects Calvert and Charles counties.[33]
- 1952 July 30 - The first Chesapeake Bay Bridge in Annapolis completes construction.[75]
- 1957 - John Hanson Highway completed.[76]
- 1957 February 25 - Ryken High School opens.[51]
- 1958 - Charles County Community College is established, hosting night classes at La Plata High School. This school will eventually become the College of Southern Maryland.[77]
- 1961 - Piscataway Park is authorized by Congress.[78]
- 1963 - Four Black students integrate Calvert High School.[79]
- 1963 April 30 - Maryland state Legislation passed to abolish slot-machine gambling by 1968.[20][22]
- 1963 December - Due to high levels of traffic on the Bay Bridge, a second span of the Chesapeake is proposed, including one that would have connected Calvert County and Dorchester County as part of the larger 1964 Chesapeake Bay crossing study. The second span would eventually be built very close to the first span.[80]
- 1964 April 15 - Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel opens.[81]
- 1964 July 19 - Moyaone is added to the National Register of Historic Places.[82]
- 1964 December 6 - Tri-County Council for Southern Maryland is formed.[20][83]
- 1966 - Charles County Public Schools begins the process of integration in high schools.[84]
- 1966 April - First time Lower Marlboro Airport appears on the FAA Washington Sectional Chart.[73]
- 1966 October 15 - Moyanone is designated a National Historic Location.[3]
- 1968 - College of Southern Maryland La Plata Campus opens.[77]
- 1969 - Student protests occur at La Plata High School over racial injustice.[85]
- 1969 - Baltimore Gas and Electric begins construction on the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Lusby.[20]
- 1972 - Chesapeake Beach Amusement Park closes down.[58]
- 1972 - The Moll Dyer Rock is moved to the Old Jail Museum in Leonardtown.[86][87]
- 1973 - Maryland passes a state law that asserts marriage is between one man and one woman, becoming the first state to explicitly outlaw same-sex marriage.[88]
- 1973 June 28 - The second span of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge in Annapolis is completed.[89]
- 1974 March 31 - Billy Tayak, Turkey Tayac, and Avery Wind Rider file papers to incorporate the non-profit "Piscataway Conoy Indians Inc."[4][7]
- 1975 May - The Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant begins operation.[20]
- 1977 - Battle Creek Cyprus Swamp is leased to Calvert County as a public park.[20]
- 1977 - Construction completed on the Governor Thomas Johnson Bridge.[90][33]
- 1978 - Community College at St. Mary's County is established at Great Mills High School.[77]
- 1979 - Following the passage of HB 5419, the remains of Turkey Tayac were moved from Cedar Hills Cemetery in Suitland to Piscataway Park.[91][92][78]
- 1980 -Community College at Calvert County is established.[77]
- 1981 September - St Mary's Ryken High School opens, a combination of St. Mary's Academy and Ryken High School.[51]
- 1982 - Appointed to fill a vacancy on the Commissioner Board, Jesse Reid becomes the first African American to hold the office of County Commissioner in Calvert County.[93]
- 1983 - Reverend Brian Scott founds the Gay and Lesbian Christian Fellowships and runs it out of his home in Waldorf.[88]
- 1984 - Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum opens in St. Leonard.[20]
- 1988 - Bernie Fowler holds the first "wade-in" in Broomes Island.[94]
- 1989 - Park Hall Airport is not longer depicted on the FAA Washington Sectional Chart. The former runway has become "Spirtfire Court".[73]
- 1990 March 30 - St. Charles Towne Center opens.[95]
- 1992 - The Historic McConchie One-Room School that served African American students in Charles county, is moved to the Charles County Fairgrounds.[9]
- 1993 - Francis and Anne Koenig donate their land in Dowell to Calvert County, the site would become Annmarie Gardens.[22]
- 1994 September - A Tribute to the Oyster Tonger by Antonio Tobias Mendez is the first statue dedicated at Annmarie Gardens.[96][97]
- 1997 - Leonardtown Campus of the College of Southern Maryland opens.[77]
21st century
- 2000 - The Southern Maryland Agricultural Development Commission (SMADC) is formed as part of the Tobacco Buyout.[98]
- 2000 July 1 - the previously named "Charles Community College" is officially renamed the College of Southern Maryland.[77][20]
- 2000 July 29 - An African American Monument is dedicated in Freedom Park.[9]
- 2004 - Houses are built on the former Lower Marlboro Airport, with the runway becoming "Old Airpark Lane".[73]
- 2005 - Prince Frederick campus of the College of Southern Maryland opens.[77]
- 2005 June 23 - The 2005 Chesapeake Bay crossing study suggests two options for bridges connecting out of Calvert County, one connecting to Talbot County and one connecting to Dorchester county[99]
- 2006 - Salvageable portions of the building that housed Wallville School were moved to Calvert Elementary School.[100]
- 2008 May 2 - Southern Maryland Blue Crabs host their first game at Regency Furniture Stadium.[101]
- 2010 June 8 - Edward T. Hall Aquatic Center opens in Prince Frederick.[102]
- 2011 June 22 - Southern Maryland Roller Derby is established in Waldorf.[103]
- 2011 September - St. Mary's College of Maryland becomes one of the first campuses to ban the sale of Chick-fil-A because of the organization's financial ties to anti-gay groups.[104][105]
- 2012 January 9 - The Piscataway become the first state recognized tribe in Maryland. They are still not federally recognized.[106]
- 2017 - CSM opens their Regional Hugesville campus.[77]
- 2018 - Construction is completed on submarine communications cable connecting Cove Point to Taylor's Island.[107][108][109]
- 2020 - According to the US census, at some point between 2010 and 2020, Charles County's largest racial group changed from being White to Black.[110]
- 2021 February - The Moll Dyer Rock is relocated to Tudor hall in Leonardtown.[87]
- 2021 September 13 - The Wellness & Aquatics Center in Leonardtown comes under the management of the St. Mar's Department of Recreation & Parks.[111]
- 2023 January 3 - Dr. Yolanda Wilson becomes the first African American president at CSM.[77][112]
References
- ^ "Legislative Election Districts: Southern Maryland". Maryland Manual Online. Maryland State Archives, State of Maryland. 14 March 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
Southern Maryland: Calvert, Charles & St. Mary's Counties & parts of Anne Arundel & Prince George's Counties
- ^ Calvert County Natural Resources Division (27 October 2016). "OPEN HOUSE". Archived from the original on 25 July 2025. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
- ^ a b William and Mary Center for Archaeological Research. "Return to Potomac Creek (44ST2): Archaeology at a Late Prehistoric Native American Village Archived August 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." Virginia Department of Historic Resources.
- ^ a b c d "History". www.piscatawayconoytribe.com. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
- ^ a b Peters, John (2015-06-14). "375th Anniversary Celebration of the Baptism of the Piscataway Chief Kittamaquund by Fr. Andrew White, SJ on July 5th, 1640". Prince George's County Historical Society. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
- ^ National Park Service (September 1969). "Piscataway Park: General Historic Background Study" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 June 2025. Retrieved 25 July 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f Tayac, Gabrielle (June 1999). Spirits in the River: A Report on the Piscataway People (PDF). Smithsonian Institution National Museum of the American Indian.
- ^ "The Peopling of Maryland Colony". National Park Service. Archived from the original on August 30, 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Uunila, Kirsti; Kent, Michael; Thompson, Cathy; Smith, Dorothea. "AFRICAN AMERICAN HERITAGE GUIDE". Calvert County Government. Archived from the original on 8 July 2025. Retrieved 8 July 2025.
- ^ a b c d Merrell, James (October 1979). Cultural Continuity among the Piscataway Indians of Colonial Maryland. The William and Mary Quarterly.
- ^ a b c d Baker, Tim; Rice Bachmann, Elaine; Squires, Emily Oland; Haley, Chris; Davis, Maya; Cox, Ryan; Berlin, Ira; Brewer, Herbert (February 2020). "A Guide to the History of Slavery in Maryland" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2021.
- ^ Claiborne, J. Herbert. “William Claiborne of Kent Island.” The William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine, vol. 1, no. 2, 1921, pp. 74–99. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/1923023. Accessed 3 Feb. 2025.
- ^ "Maryland State Archives, Governors of Maryland 1634-1689".
- ^ "Religious Toleration in Maryland - Introduction". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
- ^ Anne Arundel County Maryland - Our Early Settlers, Maryland Genealogy Trails, accessed April 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f "History of Calvert County | Calvert County, MD - Official Website". www.calvertcountymd.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0053, Preface 0066 - Proceedings of the County Court of Charles County, 1658-1666". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
- ^ "Proceedings and Acts of the General Assembly, April 1666-June 1676". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0002, Page 0025 - Proceedings and Acts of the General Assembly, April 1666-June 1676". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Calvert County, Maryland - Historical Chronology". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-30.
- ^ a b c Brugger, Robert J. (1996-09-25). Maryland, A Middle Temperament: 1634-1980. JHU Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-8018-5465-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Moose, Katie (2001). Maryland's western shore : the guidebook. Annapolis, MD: Conduit Press. ISBN 9780966661040.
- ^ "About". Christ Church La Plata. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
- ^ City, Historic St Mary’s (2022-10-12). "Only person to be convicted and executed for witchcraft in MD died 337 years ago". The Southern Maryland Chronicle. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
- ^ a b Maryland History (2018). "Double, Double Toil and Trouble: Witchcraft in Maryland". Maryland Center for History and Culture.
- ^ "Maryland Historical Chronology, 1600-1699". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
- ^ "Planned in the Past Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2025-08-19.
- ^ "History". St. Peter Claver. Retrieved 2025-08-19.
- ^ Worgo, Tom (2023-02-06). "Annapolis parish marks historic milestone". Catholic Review. Retrieved 2025-08-19.
- ^ Roark, Elisabeth Louise (2003). Artists of Colonial America. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-313-32023-1.
- ^ Redding, Nicholas A. (2024-11-05). "Maryland Votes: Historic Places Tell the Story of The Struggle For Suffrage". Preservation Maryland. Retrieved 2025-08-21.
- ^ Shreve, James (May 8, 1971). A History of Upper Marlboro, Prince George's County, Maryland. Denton, Maryland: Baker Printing Company. p. 4. Retrieved August 22, 2025.
Today it is called Marlboro by some of the inhabitants, and Marlborough by others. Until about 1925 it was universally called Marlborough, after the 1st Duke of Marlborough.
- ^ a b c d Susan Guynn (2007-11-11). "Thomas Johnson: Patriot, politician lost in history". The Frederick News-Post. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ^ Stein, Charles (1960). A history of Calvert County, Maryland. Baltimore : Pub. by the author in cooperation with the Calvert County Historical Society. p. 133.
- ^ a b c d e "Solomons Business Association » History". Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ^ Baker, Tim; Rice Bachmann, Elaine; Squires, Emily Oland; Haley, Chris; Davis, Maya; Cox, Ryan; Berlin, Ira; Brewer, Herbert (February 2020). "A Guide to the History of Slavery in Maryland" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2021.
- ^ Nichols, Charles (1958). "The Origins of Uncle Tom's Cabin". The Phylon Quarterly. 19 (3): 328–334. doi:10.2307/273254. JSTOR 273254.
- ^ Shomette, Donald (1982). Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake. Centreville, Maryland: Tidewater Publishers. pp. 87–93. ISBN 978-0-87033-283-8.
- ^ "Calvert County African Americans and the War of 1812 | Calvert County, MD - Official Website". www.calvertcountymd.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ^ a b WARD, TAMARA (2019-03-28). "Kent gives oral histories of black Calvert". SoMdNews.com. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
- ^ Kunico, Gerry; Ross, Allison; Thomas-Cline, Jenna; Mihal, Jennifer; Lombardi, Kathryn; Manning, Matt (January 2024). "MARYLAND RAILROADS STATEWIDE HISTORIC CONTEXT" (PDF).
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0624, Page 0074 - Session Laws, 1858". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ^ "John Best". rogerjnorton.com. Lincoln. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ "John Best, farmhand of Dr. Samuel Mudd". muddresearch.com. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
- ^ "The Inside Story of the African American Explorer Who was the First Man to Stand on Top of the North Pole". Adventure. 2025-07-08. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
- ^ a b "Solomon's Island Historical Marker". www.hmdb.org. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ^ a b c d Williams, Ames W. (1975). Otto Mears Goes East: The Chesapeake Beach Railway.
- ^ Laws of the State of Maryland. Maryland. General Assembly. State Department of Legislative Reference. 1868. pp. 231–236. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d "The Old Wallville School – Calvert County's Reconstructed African American One-Room School". 2010. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
- ^ "Brevities". The Washington Post. 4 October 1883.
- ^ a b c "Our History | Xaverian Brothers Sponsored School". www.smrhs.org. 2025-08-22. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
- ^ "Railroad Litigation". The Baltimore Sun. 14 July 1892.
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0425, Page 0344 - Session Laws, 1886 Session". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
- ^ "Charles Whitley , MSA SC 3520-13736". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-08-19.
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0481, Page 0056 - Session Laws, 1888 Session". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0481, Page 0554 - Session Laws, 1888 Session". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0481, Page 0498 - Session Laws, 1888 Session". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g "History". 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2025-08-25.
- ^ Hoyer, Steny H. (September 25, 2015). "Hoyer celebrates 125th anniversary of Naval Support Facility Indian Head". Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2016 – via Wayback Machine.
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0480, Page 0311 - Session Laws, 1894 Session". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
- ^ "Steamboats". Chesapeake Beach Railway Museum. 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2025-08-25.
- ^ "CHARLES COUNTY, MARYLAND". Maryland Manual On-Line. Retrieved 23 February 2026.
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0487, Page 0656 - Session Laws, 1910 Session". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0545, Page 0044 - The County Courthouses and Records of Maryland -- Part 1: The Courthouses". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-30.
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0539, Page 1191 - Session Laws, 1920". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ^ "UMCES web site". Retrieved 3 January 2013.
- ^ Cory Hall, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, retrieved July 9, 2010.
- ^ Gough Jr., Al (2012). LIGHTING UP OUR LIVES The History of Southern Maryland Electric Cooperative (PDF). Hughesville, Maryland: Southern Maryland Electric Cooperative. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-615-66998-4. Retrieved 15 March 2026.
- ^ "Maryland Women's Hall of Fame: Harriet Elizabeth Brown". Maryland State Archives. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
- ^ Johnson, Santoria. "MdTA toll facilities: southern region: Nice Bridge". Archived from the original on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2025-07-10.
- ^ THE MARYLAND-NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND PLANNING COMMISSION (2018). "Columbia Air Center". Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2025.
- ^ "Patuxent River". Retrieved 2009-05-02.
- ^ a b c d "Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Southern Maryland". www.airfields-freeman.com. Retrieved 2025-08-29.
- ^ "Archives of Maryland, Volume 0585, Page 0031 - Session Laws, 1948, House and Senate Journals". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-08-19.
- ^ "William Preston Lane Jr. Memorial Bay Bridge: Engineering Feats". Maryland Transit Administration. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
- ^ "Interstate 595 in Maryland (US-50 from I-95/I-495 to Annapolis)". www.roadstothefuture.com. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "History of the College of Southern Maryland (CSM)". www.csmd.edu. Archived from the original on 2025-07-28. Retrieved 2025-07-28.
- ^ a b Baker, Donald P. (1979-10-03). "Piscataway Chief's Dying Wish Near Fulfillment". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
- ^ WARD, TAMARA (2017-02-14). "Chronicling Calvert's black history". SoMdNews.com. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
- ^ Kozel, Scott M. (September 3, 2000). "Chesapeake Bay Bridge History". roadstothefuture.com.
- ^ "History – CBBT". www.cbbt.com. Retrieved 2025-07-10.
- ^ "National Register Listings in Maryland." Maryland Historical Trust.
- ^ "Tri-County Council for Southern Maryland". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-08-19.
- ^ Corneau-Anfenson, Jamie (14 September 2016). "Fair talks shine light on Charles County school desegregation". SOMD News. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
- ^ Ramirez, Stephanie (10 June 2021). "La Plata High School 'champions of civil rights' celebrate graduation over 5 decades later". Fox 5. Retrieved 22 February 2026.
- ^ "Old Jail Museum". St. Marys County MD Tourism. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
- ^ a b "Perspective | In Leonardtown, Md., final recognition for a 'witch' who died 300 years ago". The Washington Post. 2021-03-01. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
- ^ a b Ferentinos, Susan; Egerman, Benjamin (30 September 2020). Maryland LGBTQ Historic Context Study (PDF). Preservation Maryland and Maryland Historical Trust.
- ^ "William Preston Lane Jr. Memorial Bay Bridge: History". Maryland Transit Administration. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
- ^ Maryland Department of Transportation (2022). "Governor Thomas Johnson Bridge: Evaluation of Suicide Deterrent Systems" (PDF). Maryland Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2025-06-10. Retrieved 2025-06-24.
- ^ "1979 House Bill 5419. Proposal For A Legislative Amendment To The Constitution Requiring Approval Of The State Budget By July The First". archives.lib.state.ma.us. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
- ^ "Turkey Tayac's Fight for the Piscataway People | Boundary Stones". boundarystones.weta.org. 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2025-07-25.
- ^ FALLIN, SARAH (2018-02-28). "Reid, Calvert's first African-American commissioner, dies at 84". SoMdNews.com. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
- ^ Maryland Department of Planning (2017). "29th Annual Bernie Fowler Wade-in". Archived from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 31 Jul 2025.
- ^ Spinner, Jackie (1996-09-01). "In Charles County, All Roads Lead to the Mall; Waldorf's Bustling Towne Center Has Become Area's Social, Entertainment 'Mecca'". The Washington Post.
- ^ "A Tribute to the Oyster Tonger, A Chesapeake Waterman". Annmarie Garden. 1994. Archived from the original on August 27, 2010.
- ^ "A Tribute to the Oyster Tonger, (sculpture) | Smithsonian Institution". www.si.edu. Retrieved 2025-08-19.
- ^ "SMADC History | Southern Maryland Agricultural Development Commission". Retrieved 2025-07-08.
- ^ "Home | MDTA". mdta.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
- ^ OldWallvilleSchool.org (2020). "A History of the Old Wallville School: Perseverance & Progress" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2024.
- ^ Greenwell, Megan (May 2, 2008). "Charles scores one for the home team". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
- ^ "Calvert's Edward T. Hall Aquatic Center Grand Opening is June 8". Southern Maryland Online. 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2025-08-18.
- ^ "Southern Maryland Roller Derby | Roller Derby Stats & Rankings | Flat Track Stats". flattrackstats.com. Retrieved 2025-07-24.
- ^ Kelly, Evan (27 September 2011). "Resolution Encourages Grind to Stop Serving Chick-fil-A". The Point News. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012.
- ^ "North Carolina College Suspends Chick-fil-A". HuffPost. 2012-08-13. Retrieved 2025-07-07.
- ^ "Indigenous Peoples, Maryland". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2025-08-01.
- ^ [email protected], Caleb M. Soptelean (2021-09-13). "Progress being made on broadband in Southern Maryland; however, problems remain". SoMdNews.com. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ "Utility & Transmission Archives". Crofton. Retrieved 2025-08-06.
- ^ Queen Anne's County (2023-01-31). 2018.09.20 QAC Broadband Advisory Committee Meeting - Notes.
- ^ Maryland Department of Planning (2020). "2010-2020 Charles County, Maryland Demographics and Housing Characteristics" (PDF). Maryland Department of Planning. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2025. Retrieved 8 July 2025.
- ^ Government, St Mary's County (2021-09-10). "Department Of Recreation & Parks Launches Website For Wellness & Aquatics Center". The BayNet. Retrieved 2025-08-18.
- ^ College of Southern Maryland (3 Jan 2023). "Dr. Yolanda Wilson Begins Tenure as CSM's Sixth President". Archived from the original on 28 July 2025. Retrieved 28 July 2025.
