Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans

Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.

Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus^[1] which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts."^[2] Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.^[3]

Legend

This is a guide to the sigla (symbols and abbreviations) most frequently used in citations of source material for a Greek New Testament (NT) manuscript. Editors of a scholarly critical text of the NT use each siglum to shrink the space needed for listing witnesses to a particular reading in the critical apparatus.^[4]^[5] The intended reader, a Bible translator, scholar, orator, or student, needs to know these abbreviations, e.g. for deciding whether to use alternative readings of the critical text or to understand the origin and attestation of a particular passage.^[6]

General sigla

# beginning with 0: uncial

# not beginning with 0: minuscule

^* superscript: original reading

^app superscript: the critical apparatus reading

^c superscript: scribal correction

^com superscript: Biblical commentary reading

^1,2,3... superscripts: 1st, 2nd, 3rd... scribal corrections

^v.l. superscript: varia lectio, i.e. alternative reading

^mg superscript: reading in the margin

^ms superscript: individual manuscript

^mss superscript: multiple manuscripts

^pt superscript: partial attestation

^s superscript: reading in a supplement to the text

^txt superscript: the reading of the text

^vid superscript: apparent but uncertain reading

aeth or eth: Ethiopic versions

arab: Arabic versions

arm: Armenian versions

Byz: Byzantine text-type in the Catholic letters and superscript:

pt: a part of the Codices Byzantini

cop: Coptic versions

ac or akh: Akhmimic version

ac²: Subakhmimic or Lycopolitanic version

bo: Boharic version

cv: Dialect V

cw: Dialect W

fa or fay or mf: Fayyumic Version

mae: Middle Egyptian or Mesokemic version

pbo: Proto-Bohartic version

sa: Sahidic version

ƒ: individually-numbered Greek manuscript family - superscripts:

1: Family 1

13: Family 13

geo: Georgian versions

goth: Gothic versions

it: Italic/Vetus Latina, lowercase letters for individual Old Latin manuscripts

lat: most Italic and Vulgate

latt: all Italic and Vulgate

P or 𝔓: papyrus

𝑙 or ℓ: individually numbered lectionary

Lect: most or all numbered lectionaries

𝔐: Greek Majority text and superscripts:

A: Andreas of Caesarea commentary in Revelation

C: Complutensian tradition

K: the Koine tradition in Revelation

o: omits

parenthesized (): reading or witness with a slight difference

pm: permulti: i.e., many

rell: all other extant manuscripts

slav: Slavic versions in Old Church Slavonic

syr or sy: Syriac versions and superscripts:

c or cur: Curetonian Gospels

s: Sinaitic Palimpsest

h: Harclean Syriac

hmg: Harclean Syriac, margin

pal: Palestinian Syriac

p: the Peshitta

vg: Latin Vulgate and superscripts:

cl: Editio Clementina

s: Editio Sixtina

st: Vulgata Stuttgartiensis 2007

ww: Wordsworth/White Vulgate

Greek Uncials (siglum or leading 0)

א‎: Codex Sinaiticus (01)

A: Codex Alexandrinus (02)

B: Codex Vaticanus (03)

C: Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (04)

D^ea: Codex Bezae (05)

D^p: Codex Claromontanus (06)

E: Codex Basilensis A. N. III. 12 (07)

E^a: Codex Laudianus (08)

F^p: Codex Augiensis (010)

G^e: Codex Seidelianus I (011)

G^p: Codex Boernerianus (012)

H^e: Codex Seidelianus II (013)

H^a: Codex Mutinensis (014)

H^p: Codex Coislinianus (015)

I: Codex Freerianus (016)

K^e: Codex Cyprius (017)

K^ap: Codex Mosquensis I (018)

L^e: Codex Regius (New Testament) (019)

L^ap: Codex Angelicus (020)

N: Codex Petropolitanus Purpureus (022)

O: Sinope Gospels (023)

P^apr: Codex Porphyrianus (025)

Q: Codex Guelferbytanus B (026)

R: Codex Nitriensis (027)

S: Codex Vaticanus 354 (028)

T: Codex Borgianus (029)

V: Codex Mosquensis II (031)

W: Codex Washingtonianus (032)

Z: Codex Dublinensis (035)

Γ: Codex Tischendorfianus IV (036)

Δ: Codex Sangallensis 48 (037)

Θ: Codex Koridethi (038)

Ξ: Codex Zacynthius (040)

Π: Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament) (041)

Φ: Codex Beratinus (043)

Ψ: Codex Athous Lavrensis (044)

Ω: Codex Athous Dionysiou (045)

0189: Uncial 0189

Other Uncials

Vetus Latina (Old Latin) Uncials (lower-case letters)

it: with superscripts:

^a: Codex Vercellensis

^b: Codex Veronensis

^e: Codex Palatinus

ff¹: Codex Corbeiensis I

ff²: Codex Corbeiensis II

g¹: Codex Sangermanensis I

^j: Codex Purpureus Sarzanensis

^k: Codex Bobiensis

Other important manuscripts and sources

Lectionaries: See List of New Testament lectionaries; ℓ 185: Lectionary 185; ℓ 249: Lectionary 249
Papyri: See List of New Testament papyri; 𝔓⁴⁵: Papyrus 45 (P. Chester Beatty I); 𝔓⁶⁶: Papyrus 66
Greek Miniscules: See Lists of New Testament minuscules (no leading 0); 33: Minuscule 33; 2344: Minuscule 2344
The Diatessaron gospel harmony
Latin Vulgate manuscripts (capital letters): vg^A: Codex Amiatinus; vg^Σ: Codex Sangallensis 1395; vg^F: Codex Fuldensis; gig: Codex Gigas (Old Latin in Acts and Revelation)
Church Fathers are cited when relevant: Ju: Justin Martyr; Or: Origen; Dion: Dionysius of Alexandria; Tert: Tertullian

Printed New Testaments - critical and eclectic texts

Latin and Greek Majority texts: E: Erasmus, Novum Instrumentum omne (1516); ς: The Textus Receptus (so-called) of Robert Estienne (1550)^[7]; Beza's Greek and Latin New Testament (1565 to 1611); M: John Mill, Novum Testamentum Graecum, etc. (1707); Bengel, Novum Testamentum Graecum (1734); Wettstein, Novum Testamentum Graecum, etc. (1751); Ma: Matthaei, Novum Testamentum Graecum, etc. (1803); Griesbach, Novum Testamentum Graece, etc. (1809 to 1823); L: Lloyd, Novum Testamentum Graecum (1828, 1836); Ln: Lachmann, Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine (Greek and Latin, 1842, 1850); Scr: Scrivener's Greek New Testaments (1877 to 1894); 𝔚: Wordsworth-White, Nouum Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi latine (Latin, 1889); vS: von Soden, Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, etc. (1902 to 1910); Farstad and Hodges, The Greek New Testament According to the Majority Text with Apparatus (1982)
Modern Greek NTs with substantially Alexandrian texts: 𝔗 or T8th: Tischendorf, Editio Octava Critica Maior (1864 to 1894); WH: Westcott and Hort, The New Testament in the Original Greek (1881); Weiss, Das Neue Testament (1894); NA: Novum Testamentum Graece, Nestle–Aland, NA28 is latest (1898-); UBS: United Bible Societies, Greek New Testament, UBS5 is latest (1966-); ECM: Editio Critica Maior, updates to Tischendorf's 8th edition (1997-) (in progress)

Textual variants

Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans

4 Textual variants in Romans 1

Romans 1:7

ἐν Ῥώμῃ (in Rome) – א A B C D K P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739^txt 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr cop arm Origen Ambst. Augustine

ἐν ἀγάπῃ θεοῦ (in love of God) – Codex Boernerianus

omitted by 1739^mg 1908 Origen

Romans 1:8

περι – א A B C D* K 33 81 1506 1739 1881

υπερ – D^c G Ψ Byz

Romans 1:15

ἐν Ῥώμῃ – omitted by G^a

Romans 1:29

πονηρια πλεονεξια κακια – B 0172^vid 1739 1881 Origen Basil

πονηρια κακια πλεονεξια – א A cop^{bo^mss}

κακια πονηρια πλεονεξια – C D^supp.c 33 81 cop^{sa, bo} eth

κακια πορνεια πλεονεξια – D^supp.* G (629 add πονηρια) it^{d, e, g}

πορνεια πονηρια πλεονεξια κακια – L Ψ (88 add και after each word) 326 330 436 451 614 630 1241 1877 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect syr^h arm

πορνεια αδικια πλεονεξια κακια – 181

πονηρια πορνεια πλεονεξια κακια – 104 vg?

και πορνεια πλεονεξια κακια – P

πλεονεξια κακια – K

0 Textual variants in Romans 2

Romans 2:1

1 Textual variants in Romans 3

Romans 3:26

Ἰησοῦ – א, A, B, C, K, P, 81, 88, 104, 181, 630, 1241, 1739, 1881, 1877, 1962, 2495, Byz, ℓ 598, ℓ 599, ℓ 603

Ἰησοῦν – D, Ψ, 33, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1985, 2127, 2492

Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν – 1984

Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ – 629

κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ – syr^p

omit F, G, 336, it

0 Textual variants in Romans 4

Romans 4:1

0 Textual variants in Romans 5

Romans 5:1

3 Textual variants in Romans 6

Romans 6:11

ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ – 𝔓⁴⁶, A, B, D, G, Ψ, 629, 630, 1739, it, vg

ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ κυριῷ ἡμῶν – א, C, K, P, 33, 81, 88, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect

ἐν Χριστῷ τῷ κυριῷ ἡμῶν – 104

omit it^r

Romans 6:16

εἰς θάνατον (for death) – omitted by D, 1739*, d, r, am, pesh, sa, arm^mss, Ambrosiaster

Romans 6:17

καρδιας – majority of mss

καθαρας – A

0 Textual variants in Romans 7

Romans 7

1 Textual variants in Romans 8

Romans 8:1

Ιησου – א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, it^{d, g}, cop^{sa, bo}, eth

Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν – A, D^b, Ψ, 81, 629, 2127, vg

Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα – א^c, D^c, K, P, 33, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, (436 omit μη), 456, 614, 630, 1241, 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect

1 Textual variants in Romans 9

Romans 9:11

κακον – 𝔓⁴⁶, D, F, G, Ψ, Byz

φαυλον – א, B, C, 6, 81, 365, 630, 945, 1506, 1739, 1881, al

1 Textual variants in Romans 10

Romans 10:21

καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα (and contrary) – omitted by F, G, g, Ambrosiaster, Hilary

1 Textual variants in Romans 11

Romans 11:1

τὸν λαόν – א, A, Β, C, D, K, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 88, 181, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, it^{ar, d, dem, e, z}, vg, syr^{p, h}, cop^{sa, bo}, arm, Origen, Eusebius, Chryzostom, Augustine, Theodoret

τὴν κληρονομίαν – 𝔓⁴⁶, G, it, goth, Ambrosiaster, Ambrose, Pelagius

2 Textual variants in Romans 12

Romans 12:9

ἀποστυγοῦντες τὸ πονηρόν – F, G, lat, syr replaced into μισουντες το πονηρον

Romans 12:11

κυριω – 𝔓⁴⁶ א Α Β D^b,c P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz

καιρω – D* F G 5

2 Textual variants in Romans 13

Romans 13:1

υπο θεου – א Α Β D² Ψ Byz

απο θεου – D* F G 629 945

Romans 13:9

ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, ουκ επιθυμησεις – 01 048 81 88 104 326 330 365 436 451 629 1506 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz^pt ℓ 597 ℓ 598 ℓ 599 a b vg^cl (syr^h) cop^bo

ου ψευδομαρτυρησης, ουκ επιθυμησης – P

ουκ επιθυμησεις – 𝔓⁴⁶ Α Β D F G L Ψ 6 33 181 614 630 1175 1241 1739 1877 1881 vgst syr^p cop^sa

ουκ επιθυμησεις, ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις – 2495

0 Textual variants in Romans 14

Romans 14:1

3 Textual variants in Romans 15

Romans 15:19

πνευματος θεου – 𝔓⁴⁶ א D P Ψ 88 181 326 436 614 629 1241

πνευματος αγιου – A D G 33 81 104 630 1739

πνευματος θεου αγιου – 330 451

Romans 15:29

Χριστου – 𝔓⁴⁶ א Α Β C D G P 81 629 630 1739 1881 ar d e f g x z vg^ww cop arm

του ευαγγελιου του Χριστου – א^c Ψ 33 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 1241 1877 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect vg^cl syr^p,h

της διδαχης του Χριστου – eth^ro

Romans 15:31

διακονια – 𝔓⁴⁶ א Α C D^c P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect

δωροφορια – B D G^gr

4 Textual variants in Romans 16

Romans 16:15

Ιουλιαν, Νηρεα – א Α Β C² D P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr cop arm

Βηρεα και Αουλιαν – 𝔓⁴⁶

Ιουνιαν, Νηρεα – C G^gr

Romans 16:20

ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ (Χριστου) μεθ' ὑμῶν (The grace of our Lord Jesus (Christ) with you) – mss of the Alexandrian, Caesarean, and Byzantine text-types

omitted by D*^vid, F^p, G, d, f, g, m, bodl Ambrosiaster Pelagius^ms

Romans 16:24

Verse omitted by Codex Sinaiticus A B C 5 81 263 623 1739 1838 1962 2127 it^z vg^ww cop^sa,bo eth^ro Origen^lat)

Verse included by D G Ψ 88 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1877 1881 1984 1985 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg^cl syr^h

Verse included but following 16:27 P 33 104 256 436 1319 1837 syr^p arm

Romans 16:25-27

verses omitted by F, G, 629, d**?, g, goth?, Jerome^mss

References

^ Adam Fox, John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill, Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS (Oxford 1707)
^ Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154
^ Peter J. Gurry, "The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate" New Testament Studies 62.1 (2016), p. 113
^ Nestle, Eberhard; Nestle, Erwin; Aland, Barbara; Aland, Kurt; Karavidopoulos, J.; Martini, C. M.; Metzger, Bruce M. (2001). Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (NA27) (27 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-438-05100-4.
^ Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara; Karavidopoulos, Johannes; Martini, Carlo M.; Metzger, Bruce Manning, eds. (2012). Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (NA28) (28 ed.). Stuttgart: German Bible Society. ISBN 978-3-438-05140-0.
^ Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 54, 62–86, 102–103. ISBN 0-19-516667-1.
^ J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Legenda tekstkritische notities". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 May 2022.

External links

The Comparative Critical Greek New Testament Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
Variantes textuais (in Portuguese)
Varianten Textus receptus versus Nestle-Aland

[1] Adam Fox, John Mill and Richard Bentley: A Study of the Textual Criticism of the New Testament 1675–1729 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1954), pp. 105–115; John Mill, Novum Testamentum Graecum, cum lectionibus variantibus MSS (Oxford 1707)

[2] Metzger and Ehrman (2005), p.154

[3] Peter J. Gurry, "The Number of Variants in the Greek New Testament: A Proposed Estimate" New Testament Studies 62.1 (2016), p. 113

[NA27-4] Nestle, Eberhard; Nestle, Erwin; Aland, Barbara; Aland, Kurt; Karavidopoulos, J.; Martini, C. M.; Metzger, Bruce M. (2001). Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (NA27) (27 ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-438-05100-4.

[NA28-5] Aland, Kurt; Aland, Barbara; Karavidopoulos, Johannes; Martini, Carlo M.; Metzger, Bruce Manning, eds. (2012). Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece (NA28) (28 ed.). Stuttgart: German Bible Society. ISBN 978-3-438-05140-0.

[NTText-6] Metzger, Bruce Manning; Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 54, 62–86, 102–103. ISBN 0-19-516667-1.

[dutch-7] J.P. van de Giessen (2003). "Legenda tekstkritische notities". bijbelaantekeningen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 May 2022.

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Epistle to the Romans
Bible chapters	One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen Sixteen
People	Abraham Ampliatus Andronicus Apelles Asyncritus David Elijah Erastus Esau Gaius Hermas Hosea Jesse Isaac Isaiah Israel Jacob Jason Jesus Christ Junias Lucius Mary of Rome Moses Narcissus Nereus Olympas Paul Phoebe Phlegon Priscilla Quartus Rebecca Rufus Sarah Sosipater Tertius Timothy Tryphena
Manuscripts	Papyrus 10 26 27 31 40 46 61 94 99 113 118 Uncial 0172 0219 0220 0221 0311
Analysis	Textual variants Pelagius' commentary The Epistle to the Romans (Barth) Origen and the History of Justification

Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans

Legend

Textual variants

See also

References

Further reading

External links