Tetragnatha

Tetragnatha; Temporal range:
	female T. extensa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Tetragnathidae
Genus:	Tetragnatha; Latreille, 1804
Type species
	T. extensa; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Species
	> 300, see text

Tetragnatha is a genus of long-jawed orb-weavers found all over the world. It was first described by Pierre André Latreille in 1804,^[2] and contains hundreds of species. Most occur in the tropics and subtropics, and many can run over water. They are commonly called stretch spiders in reference to their elongated body form and their ability to hide on blades of grass or similar elongated substrates by stretching their front legs forward and the others behind them.

Distribution

Species in this genus are found worldwide, including Greenland.^[1]

Habitat and ecology

Tetragnatha species occupy the tall herb and tree layer. They construct orb webs, usually in vegetation near or above streams and ponds. Several studies have reported that they build their webs near slow-flowing streams in sunlit areas. Without access to a humid habitat, these spiders suffer from dehydration. The webs are short-lived, being taken down and digested daily or even more frequently. Webs are usually horizontally inclined and consist of an open hub with 30 to 40 viscid spirals. The spider hangs underneath the central hub of the web with its long front legs directed forward.^[3]

These spiders are capable of walking over water surfaces at a very fast pace, with legs I and II moving alternately in a diagonal rhythm while legs III and IV are dragged behind. When at rest on vegetation, the body is pressed against the substrate with the long front legs stretched forward.^[3]

One of the biggest and most common species is T. extensa, which has a holarctic distribution. It can be found near lakes, river banks or swamps.^[4] Large numbers of individuals can often be found in reeds, tall grass, and around minor trees and shrubs.

Cursorial species found on Hawaiian archipelago

Evolution to cursorial behavior occurred long ago in a few different species, the most studied being those found on the Hawaiian islands.^[5]

The Tetragnatha spiders found on the Hawaiian archipelago are believed to have no more than three colonization events, two from web building species and one from cursorial species. This is because a species of mainland Tetragnatha spider was found to be more closely related to web building spiders on the Hawaiian islands than the cursorial species.^[5] This means that the divergence of web building and cursorial spiders must have occurred off the islands. There have been many events of cursorial evolution in various spider species around the world,^[6] including a few Tetragnatha species, although many species have not been thoroughly studied. The factors leading to this change of behavior is not well understood, although study of the Hawaiian Tetragnatha species can lead to some suggestions. Environmental factors, such as landscape^[7] and prey diversity play an important role in influencing the structure of webs in web building spiders.^[8] This could be a reasonable explanation for the loss of web function and evolving to a cursorial behavior.

Morphology

The general coloration ranges from fawn to dull brown or grey with silvery markings. The carapace is longer than wide, and the sternum is longer than wide with a pointed posterior end. Eight eyes are arranged in two rows, with lateral eyes slightly apart.^[3]

The chelicerae are notably variable, being long and well developed, featuring rows of large teeth and strong projecting spurs that are markedly elongated in males. The endites are parallel. The legs bear three claws and are long and slender, with or without spines.^[3]

The abdomen is elongated and cylindrical in some species, extending posteriorly beyond the spinnerets. The spinnerets are unmodified, with anterior and posterior pairs similar in size.^[3]

In females, the epigyne has genital openings located at the posterior end of the procurved epigastric furrow, with the genital plate not sclerotized. Males possess a separate and movable paracymbium with a coiled embolus and conductor at the distal tip.^[3]

Species distinction

Tetragnatha species are hard to separate from each other without a microscope to scrutinize the genitalia of a mature individual.^[9] Hawaiian Tetragnatha appear to distinguish each other via highly specific chemical compounds in their silk. These chemical differences are especially prominent amongst sympatric and closely related species. This may constitute a form of chemical species recognition.^[10]

Name

The name Tetragnatha is derived from Greek, tetra- a numerical prefix referring to four and gnatha meaning jaw.

Species

Tetragnatha sp.
resting on Impatiens
mating

As of October 2025, this genus includes 309 species and nine subspecies.^[1]

Species with articles on Wikipedia:

Tetragnatha armata Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka
Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865 – Mexico to Paraguay, Caribbean. Introduced to Spain, Italy (Sardinia), Africa, Seychelles, Yemen, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China
Tetragnatha caffra (Strand, 1909) – South Africa
Tetragnatha caudata Emerton, 1884 – North, Central America, Cuba, Jamaica, Uruguay, Argentina
Tetragnatha ceylonica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869 – Mozambique, South Africa, Seychelles, India, Thailand, Philippines, New Guinea, Japan (Ryukyu Is.)
Tetragnatha demissa L. Koch, 1872 – Australia. Introduced to Cyprus, Tanzania, South Africa, Seychelles, Tonga
Tetragnatha determinata Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka
Tetragnatha elongata Walckenaer, 1841 – Canada to Argentina, Caribbean
Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus, 1758) – North America, Greenland, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iraq, Iran, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan (type species)
Tetragnatha flavida Urquhart, 1891 – New Zealand
Tetragnatha foveata Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka, Laccadive Is. Maldive Is.
Tetragnatha geniculata Karsch, 1892 – India, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
Tetragnatha guatemalensis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – North and Central America, Cuba, Jamaica, Brazil, Paraguay
Tetragnatha hasselti Thorell, 1890 – India to China, Indonesia (Sulawesi)
Tetragnatha isidis (Simon, 1880) – Southern Europe, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, South Africa, Iran, India
Tetragnatha jaculator Tullgren, 1910 – Africa to China and India, New Guinea (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea). Introduced to the Caribbean and South America
Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890 – Central America, Caribbean, Brazil, Africa, Korea, China, India to Philippines, New Hebrides, Polynesia
Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz, 1850 – Alaska to Chile, Argentina, Falkland Is.
Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841 – Central America, Caribbean, Colombia, Guyana, Brazil, West Africa, India to Philippines, Australia
Tetragnatha montana Simon, 1874 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia
Tetragnatha multipunctata Urquhart, 1891 – New Zealand
Tetragnatha nigricans Dalmas, 1917 – New Zealand
Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826) – Tropical and subtropical Asia. Introduced to Americas, Macaronesia, Mediterranean, St. Helena, South Africa, Madagascar, Pacific Is. New Zealand
Tetragnatha pallescens F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1903 – North, Central America, Caribbean
Tetragnatha planata Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka
Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878 – Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Laos
Tetragnatha squamata Karsch, 1879 – India, China, Taiwan, Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan
Tetragnatha straminea Emerton, 1884 – Canada, United States, Cuba
Tetragnatha subsquamata Okuma, 1985 – Tanzania, South Africa
Tetragnatha taylori O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1891 – South Africa
Tetragnatha tenera Thorell, 1881 – Sri Lanka, Australia (Queensland)
Tetragnatha torrensis Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 – Cape Verde
Tetragnatha unicornis Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania, Botswana, South Africa
Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884 – Temperate and tropical Asia. Introduced to North and Central America, Brazil, South Africa
Tetragnatha versicolor Walckenaer, 1841 – North, Central America, Cuba
Tetragnatha virescens Okuma, 1979 – Bangladesh, Sri Lanka to Indonesia, Philippines
Tetragnatha viridis Walckenaer, 1841 – Canada, United States
Tetragnatha yesoensis Saito, 1934 – Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan

List of all described species

Tetragnatha acuta Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha aenea Cantor, 1842 – China
Tetragnatha aetherea (Simon, 1895) – Venezuela
Tetragnatha albida Gillespie, 1994 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha amazonica Castanheira, Baptista & Oliveira, 2022 – Venezuela
Tetragnatha amoena Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha anamitica Walckenaer, 1841 – Vietnam
Tetragnatha andamanensis Tikader, 1977 – India (Andaman Is.), Bangladesh
Tetragnatha andonea Lawrence, 1927 – Namibia
Tetragnatha angolaensis Okuma & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1988 – Angola
Tetragnatha anguilla Thorell, 1877 – Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi), New Guinea, Australia
Tetragnatha angulata Hogg, 1914 – Australia (Western Australia)
Tetragnatha anuenue Gillespie, 2002 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha argentinensis Mello-Leitão, 1931 – Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
Tetragnatha armata Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka
Tetragnatha atriceps Banks, 1898 – Mexico
Tetragnatha atristernis Strand, 1913 – Central Africa
Tetragnatha baculiferens Hingston, 1927 – Myanmar
Tetragnatha beccarii Caporiacco, 1947 – Guyana
Tetragnatha bengalensis Walckenaer, 1841 – India
Tetragnatha bicolor White, 1841 – Australia (Tasmania)
Tetragnatha bifurcata Li & Liu, 2022 – China
Tetragnatha bimaculata Li & Liu, 2022 – China
Tetragnatha biseriata Thorell, 1881 – New Guinea (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea), Australia (Queensland)
Tetragnatha bituberculata L. Koch, 1867 – Japan, New Guinea, Australia
Tetragnatha boeleni Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865 – Mexico to Paraguay, Caribbean. Introduced to Spain, Italy (Sardinia), Africa, Seychelles, Yemen, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China
Tetragnatha boninensis Okuma, 1981 – Japan
Tetragnatha brachychelis Caporiacco, 1947 – Tanzania, Kenya
Tetragnatha branda Levi, 1981 – United States
Tetragnatha brevignatha Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha bryantae Roewer, 1951 – Puerto Rico
Tetragnatha caffra (Strand, 1909) – South Africa
Tetragnatha cambridgei Roewer, 1942 – Mexico, Central America, Puerto Rico
Tetragnatha caudata Emerton, 1884 – North, Central America, Cuba, Jamaica, Uruguay, Argentina
Tetragnatha caudicula (Karsch, 1879) – Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Mexico
Tetragnatha caudifera (Keyserling, 1887) – Australia (New South Wales)
Tetragnatha cavaleriei Schenkel, 1963 – China
Tetragnatha cephalothoracis Strand, 1906 – Ethiopia
Tetragnatha ceylonica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869 – Mozambique, South Africa, Seychelles, India, Thailand, Philippines, New Guinea, Japan (Ryukyu Is.)
Tetragnatha chauliodus (Thorell, 1890) – China, Japan, Myanmar to Papua New Guinea, Brazil (introduced?)
Tetragnatha cheni Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
Tetragnatha chinensis (Chamberlin, 1924) – China
Tetragnatha chiyokoae Castanheira & Baptista, 2020 – China, Taiwan, Japan
Tetragnatha cladognatha Bertkau, 1880 – Brazil, Argentina
Tetragnatha clavigera Simon, 1887 – Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, DR Congo
Tetragnatha cochinensis Gravely, 1921 – India
Tetragnatha coelestis Pocock, 1901 – India
Tetragnatha cognata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – Guatemala to Panama
Tetragnatha conica Grube, 1861 – Russia (Far East)
Tetragnatha corsica Simon, 1929 – France (Corsica)
Tetragnatha crassichelata Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha cristata Castanheira, Baptista & Oliveira, 2022 – Brazil, Argentina
Tetragnatha cuneiventris Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha cylindracea (Keyserling, 1887) – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
Tetragnatha cylindrica Walckenaer, 1841 – New Guinea, Australia, Fiji
Tetragnatha cylindriformis Lawrence, 1952 – Congo
Tetragnatha dearmata Thorell, 1873 – North America, Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East)
Tetragnatha delumbis Thorell, 1891 – India (Nicobar Is.)
Tetragnatha demissa L. Koch, 1872 – Australia. Introduced to Cyprus, Tanzania, South Africa, Seychelles, Tonga
Tetragnatha dentatidens Simon, 1907 – Sierra Leone, Congo
Tetragnatha desaguni Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
Tetragnatha determinata Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka
Tetragnatha didorata Castanheira, Baptista & Oliveira, 2022 – Brazil
Tetragnatha digitata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 – Mexico, Costa Rica
Tetragnatha earmra Levi, 1981 – United States, Antigua, Martinique
Tetragnatha eberhardi Okuma, 1992 – Panama
Tetragnatha elongata Walckenaer, 1841 – Canada to Argentina, Caribbean
- T. e. debilis Thorell, 1877 – United States
- T. e. principalis Thorell, 1877 – United States
- T. e. undulata Thorell, 1877 – United States
Tetragnatha elyunquensis Petrunkevitch, 1930 – Jamaica, Puerto Rico
Tetragnatha esakii Okuma, 1988 – Taiwan
Tetragnatha eumorpha Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha eurychasma Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha exigua Chickering, 1957 – Jamaica
Tetragnatha exquista Saito, 1933 – Japan
Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus, 1758) – North America, Greenland, Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Iraq, Iran, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan (type species)
- T. e. brachygnatha Thorell, 1873 – Sweden, Russia (Kamchatka)
- T. e. maracandica Charitonov, 1951 – Iran, Central Asia
- T. e. pulchra Kulczyński, 1891 – Hungary
Tetragnatha fallax Thorell, 1881 – Indonesia
Tetragnatha farri Chickering, 1962 – Jamaica
Tetragnatha filiciphilia Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha filipes Schenkel, 1936 – China
Tetragnatha filum Simon, 1907 – Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), São Tomé and Príncipe
Tetragnatha flagellans van Hasselt, 1882 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
Tetragnatha flava (Audouin, 1826) – Egypt
Tetragnatha flavida Urquhart, 1891 – New Zealand
Tetragnatha fletcheri Gravely, 1921 – India, Bangladesh
Tetragnatha foai Simon, 1902 – Central, East Africa
Tetragnatha foliferens Hingston, 1927 – India (Nicobar Is.)
Tetragnatha foveata Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka, Laccadive Is. Maldive Is.
Tetragnatha fragilis Chickering, 1957 – Panama
Tetragnatha franganilloi Brignoli, 1983 – Cuba
Tetragnatha friedericii Strand, 1913 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha gemmata L. Koch, 1872 – Australia (Queensland)
Tetragnatha geniculata Karsch, 1892 – India, Sri Lanka, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
Tetragnatha gertschi Chickering, 1957 – Panama
Tetragnatha gibbula Roewer, 1942 – French Guiana
Tetragnatha gongshan Zhao & Peng, 2010 – China
Tetragnatha gracillima (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Sumatra)
Tetragnatha granti Pocock, 1903 – Yemen (Socotra)
Tetragnatha gressitti Okuma, 1988 – Borneo
Tetragnatha gressittorum Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha guatemalensis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – North and Central America, Cuba, Jamaica, Brazil, Paraguay
Tetragnatha gui Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China (Hainan)
Tetragnatha hamata Thorell, 1898 – Myanmar
Tetragnatha hasselti Thorell, 1890 – India to China, Indonesia (Sulawesi)
- T. h. birmanica Sherriffs, 1919 – Myanmar
Tetragnatha hastula Simon, 1907 – Sierra Leone, Gabon, São Tomé and Príncipe
Tetragnatha hawaiensis Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha heongi Barrion & Barrion-Dupo, 2011 – China
Tetragnatha hirashimai Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha hiroshii Okuma, 1988 – Taiwan
Tetragnatha hulli Caporiacco, 1955 – Venezuela
Tetragnatha insularis Okuma, 1987 – Australia (Lord Howe Is.)
Tetragnatha insulicola Okuma, 1987 – Australia (Lord Howe Is.)
Tetragnatha intermedia Kulczyński, 1891 – Madeira, Portugal to Turkey
Tetragnatha iriomotensis Okuma, 1991 – Japan (Okinawa)
Tetragnatha irridescens Stoliczka, 1869 – India
Tetragnatha isidis (Simon, 1880) – Southern Europe, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, South Africa, Iran, India
Tetragnatha iwahigensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
Tetragnatha jaculator Tullgren, 1910 – Africa to China and India, New Guinea (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea). Introduced to the Caribbean and South America
Tetragnatha javana (Thorell, 1890) – Africa, Asia
Tetragnatha jejuna (Thorell, 1897) – Myanmar
Tetragnatha josephi Okuma, 1988 – India, Malaysia, Singapore
Tetragnatha jubensis Pavesi, 1895 – Ethiopia
Tetragnatha kamakou Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha kapua Gillespie, 2003 – Marquesas Is.
Tetragnatha kauaiensis Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha kea Gillespie, 1994 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890 – Central America, Caribbean, Brazil, Africa, Korea, China, India to Philippines, New Hebrides, Polynesia
Tetragnatha khanjahani Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 1996 – Bangladesh
Tetragnatha kikokiko Gillespie, 2002 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha kiwuana Strand, 1913 – Central Africa
Tetragnatha klossi Hogg, 1919 – Indonesia (Sumatra)
Tetragnatha kolosvaryi Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya
Tetragnatha kukuhaa Gillespie, 2002 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha kukuiki Gillespie, 2002 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz, 1850 – Alaska to Chile, Argentina, Falkland Is.
Tetragnatha laminalis Strand, 1907 – East Africa
Tetragnatha lancinans Kulczyński, 1911 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha laqueata L. Koch, 1872 – Korea, Japan, (Ogasawara Is.)
Tetragnatha latro Tullgren, 1910 – East Africa
Tetragnatha lauta Yaginuma, 1959 – India, China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Laos
Tetragnatha lea Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 – Russia (Far East), Japan, Korea?
Tetragnatha lena Gillespie, 2003 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha lepida Rainbow, 1916 – Australia (Queensland)
Tetragnatha levii Okuma, 1992 – Mexico
Tetragnatha limu Gillespie, 2003 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha lineatula Roewer, 1942 – Malaysia
Tetragnatha linyphioides Karsch, 1878 – Mozambique
Tetragnatha llavaca Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
Tetragnatha luculenta Simon, 1907 – Guinea-Bissau
Tetragnatha luteocincta Simon, 1908 – Australia (Western Australia)
Tetragnatha mabelae Chickering, 1957 – Panama, Trinidad
Tetragnatha macilenta L. Koch, 1872 – Australia, (Norfolk Is.) to French Polynesia (Society Is.)
Tetragnatha macracantha Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha macrops Simon, 1907 – São Tomé and Príncipe
Tetragnatha maculata Blackwall, 1865 – Cape Verde
Tetragnatha maeandrata Simon, 1908 – Australia (Western Australia)
Tetragnatha maka Gillespie, 1994 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha makiharai Okuma, 1977 – Russia (Far East), Japan (mainland, Ryukyu Is.)
Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841 – Central America, Caribbean, Colombia, Guyana, Brazil, West Africa, India to Philippines, Australia
Tetragnatha maralba Roberts, 1983 – Seychelles (Aldabra)
Tetragnatha margaritata L. Koch, 1872 – Australia (Queensland)
Tetragnatha marginata (Thorell, 1890) – Myanmar to New Caledonia
Tetragnatha marquesiana Berland, 1935 – Marquesas Is.
Tetragnatha martinicensis Dierkens, 2011 – Martinique
Tetragnatha mawambina Strand, 1913 – Central Africa
Tetragnatha megalocera Castanheira & Baptista, 2020 – Brazil
Tetragnatha mengsongica Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
Tetragnatha mertoni Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
Tetragnatha mexicana Keyserling, 1865 – Mexico to Panama
Tetragnatha micrura Kulczyński, 1911 – New Guinea, Solomon Islands
Tetragnatha minitabunda O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 – Syria, Lebanon, Israel
Tetragnatha modica Kulczyński, 1911 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha mohihi Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha montana Simon, 1874 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia
- T. m. timorensis Schenkel, 1944 – Timor
Tetragnatha monticola Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha moua Gillespie, 2003 – Tahiti
Tetragnatha moulmeinensis Gravely, 1921 – Myanmar
Tetragnatha multipunctata Urquhart, 1891 – New Zealand
Tetragnatha nana Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha nandan Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
Tetragnatha nepaeformis Doleschall, 1859 – Indonesia (Java)
Tetragnatha nero Butler, 1876 – Mauritius (Rodriguez)
Tetragnatha netrix Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha nigricans Dalmas, 1917 – New Zealand
Tetragnatha nigrigularis Simon, 1898 – Seychelles
Tetragnatha nigrita Lendl, 1886 – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, China, Japan
Tetragnatha niokolona Roewer, 1961 – Senegal
Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826) – Tropical and subtropical Asia. Introduced to Americas, Macaronesia, Mediterranean, St. Helena, South Africa, Madagascar, Pacific Is. New Zealand
Tetragnatha nitidiuscula Simon, 1907 – West Africa
Tetragnatha nitidiventris Simon, 1907 – Guinea-Bissau
Tetragnatha notophilla Boeris, 1889 – Peru
Tetragnatha noumeensis Berland, 1924 – New Caledonia
Tetragnatha novia Simon, 1901 – Malaysia
Tetragnatha nubica Denis, 1955 – Niger
Tetragnatha obscura Gillespie, 2002 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha obscuriceps Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
Tetragnatha obtusa C. L. Koch, 1837 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia
Tetragnatha oculata Denis, 1955 – Niger
Tetragnatha okumae Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 – Philippines
Tetragnatha olindana Karsch, 1880 – Polynesia
Tetragnatha oncognatha Castanheira, Baptista & Oliveira, 2022 – Brazil
Tetragnatha oomua Gillespie, 2003 – Marquesas Is.
Tetragnatha oreobia Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha orizaba (Banks, 1898) – Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica
Tetragnatha oubatchensis Berland, 1924 – New Caledonia
Tetragnatha palikea Gillespie, 2003 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha pallescens F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1903 – North, Central America, Caribbean
Tetragnatha pallida O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – Costa Rica, Panama
Tetragnatha paludicola Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha paludis Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
Tetragnatha panopea L. Koch, 1872 – Macronesia, Polynesia, Hawaii
Tetragnatha papuana Kulczyński, 1911 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha paradisea Pocock, 1901 – India
Tetragnatha paradoxa Okuma, 1992 – Costa Rica
Tetragnatha paraguayensis (Mello-Leitão, 1939) – Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
Tetragnatha parvula Thorell, 1891 – India (Nicobar Is.)
Tetragnatha paschae Berland, 1924 – Easter Is.
Tetragnatha perkinsi Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha perreirai Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha phaeodactyla Kulczyński, 1911 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha pilosa Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha pinicola L. Koch, 1870 – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, China, Korea, Japan
Tetragnatha piscatoria Simon, 1898 – Caribbean
Tetragnatha planata Karsch, 1892 – Sri Lanka
Tetragnatha plena Chamberlin, 1924 – China
Tetragnatha polychromata Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha pradoi Castanheira, Baptista & Oliveira, 2022 – Brazil, Argentina
Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878 – Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan, Laos
Tetragnatha priamus Okuma, 1987 – Solomon Islands
Tetragnatha protensa Walckenaer, 1841 – Madagascar to Australia, New Caledonia, Palau Is.
Tetragnatha puella Thorell, 1895 – Myanmar, Indonesia (Sumatra), New Guinea
Tetragnatha pulchella Thorell, 1877 – Indonesia
Tetragnatha punua Gillespie, 2003 – Marquesas Is.
Tetragnatha quadrinotata Urquhart, 1893 – Australia (Tasmania)
Tetragnatha quasimodo Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha quechua Chamberlin, 1916 – Peru
Tetragnatha radiata Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha rava Gillespie, 2003 – Tahiti
Tetragnatha reimoseri (Roșca, 1939) – France to Poland and Bulgaria, Ukraine, Russia (Europe, Urals), Caucasus, Kazakhstan
Tetragnatha renatoi Castanheira & Baptista, 2020 – Venezuela, Brazil, Argentina
Tetragnatha reni Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
Tetragnatha restricta Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha retinens Chamberlin, 1924 – China
Tetragnatha rimandoi Barrion, 1998 – Philippines
Tetragnatha rimitarae Strand, 1911 – Polynesia
Tetragnatha riveti Berland, 1913 – Ecuador
Tetragnatha roeweri Caporiacco, 1949 – Kenya
Tetragnatha rossi Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha rouxi (Berland, 1924) – New Caledonia
Tetragnatha rubriventris Doleschall, 1857 – New Guinea, Australia (Queensland)
Tetragnatha scopus Chamberlin, 1916 – Peru
Tetragnatha serra Doleschall, 1857 – India, Thailand, China, Indonesia (Sumatra to New Guinea)
Tetragnatha shinanoensis Okuma & Chikuni, 1978 – Korea, Japan
Tetragnatha shoshone Levi, 1981 – Canada, United States, Europe, Russia (Europe, South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Iran, Mongolia, China
Tetragnatha sidama Caporiacco, 1940 – Ethiopia
Tetragnatha signata Okuma, 1987 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha simintina Roewer, 1961 – Senegal
Tetragnatha sinuosa Chickering, 1957 – Panama
Tetragnatha sobrina Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha sociella Chamberlin, 1924 – China
Tetragnatha squamata Karsch, 1879 – India, China, Taiwan, Russia (Far East), Korea, Japan
Tetragnatha stelarobusta Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha stellarum Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea
Tetragnatha stimulifera Simon, 1907 – Congo
Tetragnatha straminea Emerton, 1884 – Canada, United States, Cuba
Tetragnatha strandi Lessert, 1915 – East, Southern Africa
- T. s. melanogaster Schmidt & Krause, 1993 – Comoros
Tetragnatha streichi Strand, 1907 – China
Tetragnatha striata L. Koch, 1862 – Europe, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan
Tetragnatha subclavigera Strand, 1907 – Congo
Tetragnatha subesakii Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
Tetragnatha subextensa Petrunkevitch, 1930 – Jamaica, Puerto Rico
Tetragnatha subsquamata Okuma, 1985 – Tanzania, South Africa
Tetragnatha suoan Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
Tetragnatha sutherlandi Gravely, 1921 – India
Tetragnatha tahuata Gillespie, 2003 – Marquesas Is.
Tetragnatha tanigawai Okuma, 1988 – Japan (Ryukyu Is.)
Tetragnatha tantalus Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha taylori O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1891 – South Africa
Tetragnatha tenera Thorell, 1881 – Sri Lanka, Australia (Queensland)
Tetragnatha tenuis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – Guatemala to Panama
Tetragnatha tenuissima O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 – Mexico, Central America, Caribbean to Brazil, Argentina
Tetragnatha tincochacae Chamberlin, 1916 – Peru
Tetragnatha tipula (Simon, 1894) – West Africa
Tetragnatha tonkina Simon, 1909 – Vietnam
Tetragnatha torrensis Schmidt & Piepho, 1994 – Cape Verde
Tetragnatha tortilis Li & Liu, 2022 – China
Tetragnatha trichodes Thorell, 1878 – Indonesia
Tetragnatha tristani Banks, 1909 – Costa Rica
Tetragnatha trituberculata Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha tuamoaa Gillespie, 2003 – Society Is.
Tetragnatha tullgreni Lessert, 1915 – Central, East Africa
Tetragnatha uluhe Gillespie, 2003 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha uncifera Simon, 1900 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha unicornis Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania, Botswana, South Africa
Tetragnatha vacillans (Butler, 1876) – Mauritius (Rodriguez)
Tetragnatha valida Keyserling, 1887 – Australia (Queensland, New South Wales, Tasmania)
Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884 – Temperate and tropical Asia. Introduced to North and Central America, Brazil, South Africa
Tetragnatha versicolor Walckenaer, 1841 – North, Central America, Cuba
Tetragnatha virescens Okuma, 1979 – Bangladesh, Sri Lanka to Indonesia, Philippines
Tetragnatha viridis Walckenaer, 1841 – Canada, United States
Tetragnatha viridorufa Gravely, 1921 – India
Tetragnatha visenda Chickering, 1957 – Jamaica
Tetragnatha waikamoi Gillespie, 1992 – Hawaii
Tetragnatha yalom Chrysanthus, 1975 – New Guinea, Papua new Guinea (Bismarck Arch.), Australia (Queensland)
Tetragnatha yesoensis Saito, 1934 – Russia (Far East), China, Korea, Japan
Tetragnatha yinae Zhao & Peng, 2010 – China
Tetragnatha yongquiang Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
Tetragnatha zangherii (Caporiacco, 1926) – Italy
Tetragnatha zhaoi Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China
Tetragnatha zhaoya Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 – China

Synonyms

T. aduncata Wang, 1991 = Tetragnatha hasselti Thorell, 1890
T. alba F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1903 = Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz, 1850
T. amplidens Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 = Tetragnatha elongata Walckenaer, 1841
T. andina Taczanowski, 1878 = Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865
T. anirensis Strand, 1915 = Tetragnatha biseriata Thorell, 1881
T. antillana Simon, 1897 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. apheles Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 = Tetragnatha mexicana Keyserling, 1865
T. aptans Chamberlin, 1920 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. banksi McCook, 1894 = Tetragnatha guatemalensis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
T. bemalcuei Mello-Leitão, 1939 = Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865
T. borealis L. Koch, 1879 = Tetragnatha dearmata Thorell, 1873
T. boydi O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 = Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865
T. boydi Tullgren, 1910 = Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865
T. caporiaccoi Platnick, 1993 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. casula Walckenaer, 1841 = Tetragnatha versicolor Walckenaer, 1841
T. cliens Chamberlin, 1924 = Tetragnatha nigrita Lendl, 1886
T. conformans Chamberlin, 1924 = Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890
T. confraterna Banks, 1909 = Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841
T. convexa Banks, 1898 = Tetragnatha versicolor Walckenaer, 1841
T. coreana Seo & Paik, 1981 = Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884
T. culicivora Walckenaer, 1841 = Tetragnatha elongata Walckenaer, 1841
T. decipiens Badcock, 1932 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. dentigera F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1903 = Tetragnatha versicolor Walckenaer, 1841
T. earmra Levi, 1981 = Tetragnatha gracilis (Bryant, 1923)
T. eitapensis Strand, 1913 = Tetragnatha ceylonica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869
T. elmora Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. ethodon Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 = Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890
T. festina Bryant, 1945 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. filiformis (Audouin, 1826) = Tetragnatha flava (Audouin, 1826)
T. foliifera Simon, 1898 = Tetragnatha demissa L. Koch, 1872
T. fraterna Banks, 1898 = Tetragnatha guatemalensis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
T. fuerteventurensis Wunderlich, 1992 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. galapagoensis Banks, 1902 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. graciliventris Schenkel, 1963 = Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841
T. grenda Roberts, 1983 = Tetragnatha demissa L. Koch, 1872
T. groenlandica Thorell, 1872 = Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus, 1758)
T. haitiensis Bryant, 1945 = Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865
T. harrodi Levi, 1951 = Tetragnatha dearmata Thorell, 1873
T. heatwolei Chrysanthus, 1975 = Tetragnatha bituberculata L. Koch, 1867
T. hotingchiehi Schenkel, 1963 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. huahinensis Berland, 1942 = Tetragnatha macilenta L. Koch, 1872
T. infuscata Benoit, 1978 = Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841
T. intermedia Banks, 1898 = Tetragnatha guatemalensis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
T. japonica Bösenberg & Strand, 1906 = Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890
T. kaestneri (Crome, 1954) = Tetragnatha reimoseri (Rosca, 1939)
T. kochi Thorell, 1895 = Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890
T. kovblyuki Marusik, 2010 = Tetragnatha shoshone Levi, 1981
T. laudativa Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 = Tetragnatha guatemalensis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
T. limnocharis Seeley, 1928 = Tetragnatha versicolor Walckenaer, 1841
T. listeri Gravely, 1921 = Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890
T. mackenziei Gravely, 1921 = Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884
T. maderiana Schenkel, 1938 (described as subspecies of T. extensa) = Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus, 1758)
T. mandibulata Gravely, 1921 = Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865
T. manitoba Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942 = Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus, 1758)
T. marianna Archer, 1940 = Tetragnatha versicolor Walckenaer, 1841
T. maxillosa Thorell, 1895 = Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890
T. maxillosa Strand, 1911 = Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890
T. modesta Hirst, 1911 = Tetragnatha ceylonica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869
T. munda Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1929 = Tetragnatha versicolor Walckenaer, 1841
T. necatoria Tullgren, 1910 = Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841
T. nigrita Strand, 1906 = Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878
T. nitens (Hogg, 1911) = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. nitens Wiehle, 1962 = Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865
T. numa Levi & Levi, 1955 = Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz, 1850
T. obtusa Kulczyński, 1891 = Tetragnatha dearmata Thorell, 1873
T. pelusia (Audouin, 1826) = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. peninsulana Banks, 1898 = Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865
T. peruviana Taczanowski, 1878 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. petrunkevitchi Caporiacco, 1947 = Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841
T. pinea Seeley, 1928 = Tetragnatha viridis Walckenaer, 1841
T. potanini Schenkel, 1963 = Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus, 1758)
T. producta (Franganillo, 1930) = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. propioides Schenkel, 1936 = Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890
T. punctipes Westring, 1874 = Tetragnatha dearmata Thorell, 1873
T. qiuae Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003 = Tetragnatha shoshone Levi, 1981
T. quadridens Dondale, 1966 = Tetragnatha demissa L. Koch, 1872
T. ramboi Mello-Leitão, 1943 = Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865
T. recurva Schenkel, 1936 = Tetragnatha squamata Karsch, 1879
T. rusticana Chickering, 1959 = Tetragnatha extensa (Linnaeus, 1758)
T. sanctitata Walckenaer, 1841 = Tetragnatha elongata Walckenaer, 1841
T. seminola Gertsch, 1936 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. seneca Seeley, 1928 = Tetragnatha guatemalensis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
T. shikokiana Yaginuma, 1960 = Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884
T. siduo Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936 = Tetragnatha elongata Walckenaer, 1841
T. soaresi Camargo, 1950 = Tetragnatha longidens Mello-Leitão, 1945
T. steckleri Gertsch & Ivie, 1936 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)
T. trapezoides Walckenaer, 1841 = Tetragnatha versicolor Walckenaer, 1841
T. tropica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889 = Tetragnatha elongata Walckenaer, 1841
T. valoka Chrysanthus, 1975 = Tetragnatha biseriata Thorell, 1881
T. vermiventris Schenkel, 1963 = Tetragnatha javana (Thorell, 1890)
T. vicina Simon, 1897 = Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Genus Tetragnatha". World Spider Catalog. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2025-10-01.
^ Latreille, P. A. (1804). "Tableau methodique des Insectes". Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 24: 129–295.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S.; Haddad, C.R.; Foord, S.H.; Lotz, L.N. (2023). The Tetragnathidae of South Africa. Version 2. South African National Survey of Arachnida Photo Identification Guide. p. 33. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7513261. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
^ Hänggi, Ambros; Stöckli, Edi; Nentwig, Wolfgang (1995). Lebensräume Mitteleuropäischer Spinnen. Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae – Centre suisse de cartographie de la faune, Neuchatel. ISBN 2-88414-008-5.
^ ^a ^b Casquet, Juliane; Bourgeois, Yann X. C.; Cruaud, Corinne; Gavory, Frédérick; Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Thébaud, Christophe (2015). "Community assembly on remote islands: a comparison of Hawaiian and Mascarene spiders". Journal of Biogeography. 42 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1111/jbi.12391. ISSN 1365-2699. S2CID 83565719.
^ Kallal, Robert J.; Kulkarni, Siddharth S.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Benavides, Ligia R.; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Hormiga, Gustavo (2021). "Converging on the orb: denser taxon sampling elucidates spider phylogeny and new analytical methods support repeated evolution of the orb web". Cladistics. 37 (3): 298–316. doi:10.1111/cla.12439. hdl:11250/2754972. ISSN 1096-0031. PMID 34478199. S2CID 228966334.
^ Vandergast, Amy G.; Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Roderick, George K. (2004-04-27). "Influence of volcanic activity on the population genetic structure of Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders: fragmentation, rapid population growth and the potential for accelerated evolution: POPULATION GENETICS OF HAWAIIAN TETRAGNATHA". Molecular Ecology. 13 (7): 1729–1743. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02179.x. PMID 15189199. S2CID 10090815.
^ Kennedy, Susan; Lim, Jun Ying; Clavel, Joanne; Krehenwinkel, Henrik; Gillespie, Rosemary G. (2019). Godoy, Oscar (ed.). "Spider webs, stable isotopes and molecular gut content analysis: Multiple lines of evidence support trophic niche differentiation in a community of Hawaiian spiders". Functional Ecology. 33 (9): 1722–1733. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13361. ISSN 0269-8463. S2CID 182857924.
^ "Tetragnatha montana". NatureSpot. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
^ Adams, Seira A.; Gurajapu, Anjali; Qiang, Albert; Gerbaulet, Moritz; Schulz, Stefan; Tsutsui, Neil D.; Ramirez, Santiago R.; Gillespie, Rosemary G. (10 April 2024). "Chemical species recognition in an adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 291 (2020). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2340. PMC 11003775.

[wsc-1] "Genus Tetragnatha". World Spider Catalog. doi:10.24436/2. Retrieved 2025-10-01.

[Latr1804-2] Latreille, P. A. (1804). "Tableau methodique des Insectes". Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. 24: 129–295.

[dippenaar2023-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Dippenaar-Schoeman, A.S.; Haddad, C.R.; Foord, S.H.; Lotz, L.N. (2023). The Tetragnathidae of South Africa. Version 2. South African National Survey of Arachnida Photo Identification Guide. p. 33. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7513261. This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license.

[Habitate-4] Hänggi, Ambros; Stöckli, Edi; Nentwig, Wolfgang (1995). Lebensräume Mitteleuropäischer Spinnen. Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae – Centre suisse de cartographie de la faune, Neuchatel. ISBN 2-88414-008-5.

[:0-5] Casquet, Juliane; Bourgeois, Yann X. C.; Cruaud, Corinne; Gavory, Frédérick; Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Thébaud, Christophe (2015). "Community assembly on remote islands: a comparison of Hawaiian and Mascarene spiders". Journal of Biogeography. 42 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1111/jbi.12391. ISSN 1365-2699. S2CID 83565719.

[fix2-6] Kallal, Robert J.; Kulkarni, Siddharth S.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Benavides, Ligia R.; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Hormiga, Gustavo (2021). "Converging on the orb: denser taxon sampling elucidates spider phylogeny and new analytical methods support repeated evolution of the orb web". Cladistics. 37 (3): 298–316. doi:10.1111/cla.12439. hdl:11250/2754972. ISSN 1096-0031. PMID 34478199. S2CID 228966334.

[fix3-7] Vandergast, Amy G.; Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Roderick, George K. (2004-04-27). "Influence of volcanic activity on the population genetic structure of Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders: fragmentation, rapid population growth and the potential for accelerated evolution: POPULATION GENETICS OF HAWAIIAN TETRAGNATHA". Molecular Ecology. 13 (7): 1729–1743. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02179.x. PMID 15189199. S2CID 10090815.

[fix4-8] Kennedy, Susan; Lim, Jun Ying; Clavel, Joanne; Krehenwinkel, Henrik; Gillespie, Rosemary G. (2019). Godoy, Oscar (ed.). "Spider webs, stable isotopes and molecular gut content analysis: Multiple lines of evidence support trophic niche differentiation in a community of Hawaiian spiders". Functional Ecology. 33 (9): 1722–1733. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.13361. ISSN 0269-8463. S2CID 182857924.

[NASP-9] "Tetragnatha montana". NatureSpot. Retrieved 4 February 2024.

[fix1-10] Adams, Seira A.; Gurajapu, Anjali; Qiang, Albert; Gerbaulet, Moritz; Schulz, Stefan; Tsutsui, Neil D.; Ramirez, Santiago R.; Gillespie, Rosemary G. (10 April 2024). "Chemical species recognition in an adaptive radiation of Hawaiian Tetragnatha spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 291 (2020). doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.2340. PMC 11003775.

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