Takhallus

In Persian, Turkic, Hindustani and Punjabi, the word takhallus (from Arabic تخلّص, lit. 'to get liberated or to become secure';[1][2] Persian: تخلّص, romanized: takhallos; Azerbaijani: təxəllüs; Uzbek: taxallus; Urdu: تخلّص, Hindi: तख़ल्लुस) means a pen name.[3] Pen names were widely adopted by Persian, Turkic, Urdu and Punjabi poets.[4]

The takhallus is often included in the maqta', the last couplet (bayt) of a ghazal.[5][6]

History

While the ghazal originated in Arabic poetry, evolving from the qasida, some of the common features of the contemporary ghazal developed later, among Persian and Persianate authors. These features include the maqta' rhyming couplet which concludes the ghazal, and with it, the takhallus.[5] That said, it is likely related to the Arabic convention of the laqab (epithet), which were earned by a poet's reputation and renown.

Examples of takhallus

(Note that many of the following poets wrote in multiple languages, and not exclusively in the language they are categorised under.)

Examples of takhallus and laqab used by some notable Arabic poets:

Examples of takhallus used by some notable Persian and Azeri poets:

Examples of takhallus used by some notable Urdu poets, and other Islamicate poets of the Subcontinent:

Examples of takhallus used by some notable Turkish poets:


Among Hindustani and Urdu poets, "Hasrat" is a particularly common takhallus. In Hindi and Urdu, the word Hasrat meaning "wish" or "desire,"[7], deriving from the Arabic hasra (حسرة). It is also the Persian and Hindustani pronunciation of the Islamic honorific hadra (Arabic: حضرة).

See also

References

  1. ^ A Brief History of Persian Literature, by the Iran Chamber Society.
  2. ^ "Pseudonym, or takhallus, in Urdu: some interesting facts". 6 June 2016.
  3. ^ "तख़ल्लुस". Sufinama. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  4. ^ Alī, Saiyada Asad (2000). Influence of Islam on Hindi Literature. Idarah-i-Adabiyat-Delli. p. 198.
  5. ^ a b "The history, art and performance of ghazal in Hindustani sangeet". Daily Times. 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
  6. ^ Tamīmʹdārī, Aḥmad (2002). The Book of Iran: A History of Persian Literature : Schools, Periods, Styles and Literary Genres. Alhoda UK. p. 169. ISBN 978-964-472-366-7.
  7. ^ Raker, Joseph W.; Shukla, Rama Shankar (2008). Star English-Hindi Hindi-English combined dictionary. Star Publications. ISBN 978-81-7650-326-6.
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