Sultan-Murza
| Sultan-Murza | |
|---|---|
| 'Owner' of v. Lars[a] | |
| Died | End of 16th century |
| Religion | Islam |
Sultan-Murza or Saltan-Murza[b] (died at end of 16th century) was an Ingush feudal lord[a] who controlled the Darial Gorge and the village located in it, Lars. In 1589, he swore allegiance to the Russian Tsar Feodor I as part of the Georgian embassy, therefore becoming subordinated to the Tsardom of Russia.
Biography
Background
Based on the assertion that Sultan-Murza called Shikh Murza "brother", historians like Nataliya Volkova concluded that he was of Vainakh stock, in this case, of Ingush stock as until the 18th century, the Darial Gorge was inhabited by the Ingush.[3] Number of other historians also mentioned him as Ingush.[4][5] In other words, Sultan-Murza was a representative of the ethnic group referred in the Old Russian sources as the Kalkans (Ghalghai).[2]
Appearance in the Russian Reports
After Shikh Murza Okotskiy received different gifts like a royal charter, Sultan-Murza requested Russian citizenship from Russian officials. The village of Lars had a strategic position, controlling an important section of the road in the Darial Gorge. Sultan-Murza, motivating his desire to enter into Russian citizenship, stated: "I want to serve the sovereign in my own way death, as my brother Shikh-Murza Okotskiy."[6] In 1589, Sultan-Murza swore allegiance to the Russian Tsar Feodor I as part of the Georgian embassy sent to Moscow.[7]
Sultan-Murza's position was very difficult in region as he was in middle of the most important point in military and trade relations. Therefore, he was (mainly) pressed by lowland feudal lords of Tarki Shamkhalate and Kabardia who had superior military force.[6]
War with Kabardians
In 1596, Kabardian forces led by princes Sholokh I of Kabardia and Aitek-Murza advanced through the Daryal Gorge, seizing fortified settlements (’‘kabaki’’) belonging to the noble Sultan-Murza. After establishing control in the highlands, they moved southward into Kartli's mountainous borderlands, specifically targeting the Sioni and Ksani regions.[8][9][10][11][12]
Notes
References
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, pp. 17, 198.
- ^ a b Magomadova & Litvinenko 2008, p. 13.
- ^ Aliev & Mirzabekov 2021, p. 18.
- ^ Vinogradov & Magomadova 1981, p. 54.
- ^ Istoriya narodov Severnogo Kavkaza 1988, p. 521.
- ^ a b Dolgieva, Arapkhanova & Yandieva 2020, p. 26.
- ^ Gutnov 2005.
- ^ Мизиев, И. М. (2008-06-28). "Исторические и политические страницы балкарского народа [Historical and Political Pages of the Balkar People]". Balkaria.info (in Russian). Wayback Machine (Internet Archive). Archived from the original on 28 June 2008.
- ^ Belokurov, S. A. (1888). Сношения России с Кавказом [Relations of Russia with the Caucasus] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Типография Императорской Академии наук. pp. 304–305.
- ^ Gutnov, F. Kh. (2015). "Северный Кавказ в статейных списках конца XVI — середины XVII в. [The North Caucasus in the article lists of the late XVI - mid XVII century]". Izvestiya Yuzhnogo Otdeleniya Instituta Nauk O Rannei Rossii RAN (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-12.
- ^ Gutnov, F. Kh. (2015). "Северный Кавказ в статейных списках конца XVI - середины XVII в [The North Caucasus in the Posol'skiye Spiski of the Late 16th – Mid-17th Centuries]". Izvestiya Yuzhnogo Otdeleniya Instituta Nauk O Rannei Rossii RAN (in Russian). 16 (55). Retrieved 2025-05-02.
- ^ Brosset, M. (1861). Переписка, на иностранных языках, грузинских царей с российскими государями от 1639 г. по 1770 г. [Correspondence in Foreign Languages of Georgian Kings with Russian Sovereigns from 1639 to 1770] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences Press.
Bibliography
Russian sources
- Aliev, B. G.; Mirzabekov, M. Ya. (2021). "Об этнической идентификации ококов и Ших-Мурзы Окоцкого". Vestnik Dagestanskogo nauchnogo tsentra (in Russian). No. 83. Makhachkala: In-t istorii, arkheologii, etnografii DFITS RAN. pp. 17–24. doi:10.31029/vestdnc83/3.
- Dolgieva, M. B.; Kartoev, M. M.; Kodzoev, N. D.; Matiev, T. Kh. (2013). Kodzoev, N. D.; et al. (eds.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4th ed.). Rostov-Na-Donu: Yuzhnyy izdatelsky dom. pp. 1–600. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1.
- Dolgieva, M. B.; Arapkhanova, L. Y.; Yandieva, U. T. (2020). "Ингушетия в контексте внешней и внутренней политики России в XVI-XXI вв.." [Ingushetia in the context of Russian foreign and domestic policy in the 16th-21st centuries]. 250 лет единения Ингушетии с Россией: Время, события, люди: Сборник научных статей по материалам международной научно-практической конференции. Магас, 2020 [250 years of unity of Ingushetia with Russia: Time, events, people: Collection of scientific articles based on materials from the international scientific and practical conference. Magas, 2020] (in Russian). Nazran: Kep. pp. 23–30.
- Gutnov, F. Kh. (2005). "Россия и Центральный Кавказ в XVI—XVII вв." [Russia and the Central Caucasus in the XVI—XVII centuries]. Daryal (in Russian) (4).
- Magomadova, T.; Litvinenko, V. (2008). "России служит хочу..." [I want to serve Russia..]. In Vinogradov, V. B.; Lukash, S. N. (eds.). Приязни добрые плоды [Sympathize good fruits] (PDF) (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Armariv: Armavirsky gos. ped. un-t. pp. 12–16. ISBN 978-5-93750-190-5.
- Narochnitsky, A. L.; et al., eds. (1988). История народов Северного Кавказа (конец XVIII в. — 1917 г.) [History of the peoples of the North Caucasus (late 18th century - 1917)] (in Russian). Moskva: Nauka. pp. 1–659. ISBN 5-02-009408-0.
- Sampiev, I. (2014). "Аккинцы в Дарьяле и Армхинском Ущелье: Деконструкция Исторического Мифа" [Akkins in Darial and Armkhi Gorge: Deconstruction of the Historical Myth]. Kavkaz & Globalizatsiya (in Russian). 8 (3–4): 85–97.
- Vinogradov, V. B.; Magomadova, T. S. (1981). "Две заметки о ранних русско-северокавказских связях" [Two Notes on Early Russo-North Caucasian Relations]. In Magometov, A. K.; Isaenko, A. V.; Totoev, F. V. (eds.). История, этнография и культура народов Северного Кавказа: межвузовский сборник статей [History, ethnography and culture of the peoples of the North Caucasus: interuniversity collection of articles] (in Russian). Vladikavkaz: Severo-Oset. gos. un-t im. K. L. Khetagurova; kn. tip. Goskomizdata SOASSR. pp. 45–57.