Subulatomonas
| Subulatomonas | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Obazoa |
| Class: | Breviatea |
| Order: | Breviatida |
| Family: | Breviatidae |
| Genus: | Subulatomonas L.Katz, J.Grant, L.W.Parfrey, A.Gant, C.O'Kelly, O.R.Anderson, R.E.Molestina & T.Nerad |
| Species: | S. tetraspora
|
| Binomial name | |
| Subulatomonas tetraspora L.Katz, J.Grant, L.W.Parfrey, A.Gant, C.O'Kelly, O.R.Anderson, R.E.Molestina & T.Nerad
| |
Subulatomonas tetraspora is a species of free living amoebae belonging to the genus Subulatomonas, which in turn, belongs to the family Breviatidae. They likely do not possess vinculin proteins.[1] Their metabolism relies on fermentative production of ATP as an adaptation to their low-oxygen environment.[2]
Description
Subulatomonas tetraspora is an amoeboflagellate with an awl-shaped body. and a distinctive, dynamic neck that extends along its single flagellum. It is capable of both swimming and gliding. Gliding involves the extension of small pseudopodia from the neck and often a long pseudopod trailing from the rear. Flagellates typically measure 5-10 μm long and 3-5 μm wide, with a flagellum 6-12 μm long and a neck about 6 μm long. when attached, it can form long filose pseudopodia up to 30 μm long from various parts of its body, and the flagellum appears to be reabsorbed. S. tetraspora forms cysts that are 4-6 μm in diameter and usually appear in groups of four.[3][4]
Distribution
Its habitat is off the coast of Plymouth, Massachusetts,[3] mainly found in near-shore sediments.[3]
Taxonomy
Subulatomonas tetraspora is closely related to Breviata anathema sharing some morphological similarities and a close genetic relationship,[3] It is recognized as part of a novel major eukaryotic clade, distinct from established groups like Opisthokonta, Excavata, Amoebozoa, and SAR,[5] Mitochondrion-related organelles (MROs) are also found in Subulatomonas tetraspora.[6]
Morphology
The cell surface is "naked", lacking a detectable glycocalyx.[3][7]
Significance
It is a part of a new clade of eukaryotes.[4]
References
- ^ Kang, Seungho; Tice, Alexander K.; Stairs, Courtney W.; Jones, Robert E.; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Brown, Matthew W. (2021-07-26). "The integrin-mediated adhesive complex in the ancestor of animals, fungi, and amoebae". Current Biology. 31 (14): 3073–3085.e3. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E3073K. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.076. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 34077702.
- ^ Hamann, Emmo; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Kleiner, Manuel; Tegetmeyer, Halina E.; Riedel, Dietmar; Littmann, Sten; Chen, Jianwei; Milucka, Jana; Viehweger, Bernhard; Becker, Kevin W.; Dong, Xiaoli; Stairs, Courtney W.; Hinrichs, Kai-Uwe; Brown, Matthew W.; Roger, Andrew J. (2016-06-09). "Environmental Breviatea harbour mutualistic Arcobacter epibionts". Nature. 534 (7606): 254–258. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..254H. doi:10.1038/nature18297. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 4900452. PMID 27279223.
- ^ a b c d e Katz, Laura A.; Grant, Jessica; Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Gant, Anastasia; O'Kelly, Charles J.; Anderson, O. Roger; Molestina, Robert E.; Nerad, Thomas (2011-11-01). "Subulatomonas tetraspora nov. gen. nov. sp. is a Member of a Previously Unrecognized Major Clade of Eukaryotes". Protist. 162 (5): 762–773. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.05.002. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 21723191.
- ^ a b www.science.smith.edu Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-12-10.
- ^ WoRMS. "Subulatomonas tetraspora L.Katz, J.Grant, L.W.Parfrey, A.Gant, C.O'Kelly, O.R.Anderson, R.E.Molestina & T.Nerad, 2011". World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2025-08-16.
- ^ Tachezy, Jan, ed. (2019). "Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Mitochondria of Anaerobic Eukaryotes". Microbiology Monographs. 9. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17941-0. ISBN 978-3-030-17940-3. ISSN 1862-5576.
- ^ Nakane, Daisuke; Sato, Keiko; Wada, Hirofumi; McBride, Mark J.; Nakayama, Koji (2013-07-02). "Helical flow of surface protein required for bacterial gliding motility". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (27): 11145–11150. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11011145N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1219753110. PMC 3704026. PMID 23781102.