Styles and titles in Joseon

During the Joseon period, royal titles and styles (forms of address) had been extensive and complex. The general title of the monarch was king (왕; 王; wang) until Gojong crowned himself emperor (황제; 皇帝; hwangje), a title reserved for the Chinese emperor at that time.[1] Official titles came with official forms of address, depending on who the addressee was and by whom they were addressed.

Royal family

Naming

When a prince became king, he was addressed as such, his personal name becoming taboo. After the death of a king, he received several names. One is the temple name (묘호; 廟號; myoho), which was given when the spirit tablet was placed in the Jongmyo Shrine. This is the name by which historians usually refer to Joseon kings. It could end in either cho or jo (조; 祖; lit. 'progenitor'), or instead chong or jong (종; 宗; lit. 'ancestor'). The preceding syllable was an adjective suitable to describe the king. The other name was the posthumous name (시호; 諡號; siho). This is a longer name, made up of adjectives characterizing the king's rule.[2][3][4] For example, King Gyeongjong's posthumous name is King Tŏngmun Ingmu Sunin Sŏnhyo the Great (덕문익무순인선효대왕; 德文翼武純仁宣孝大王), while his temple name is Kyŏngjong/Gyeongjong (경종; 景宗).

Titles and styles

Forms of address were combined with names, titles or both, for example:

  • Chusang chŏnha (주상 전하; 'His Majesty the King')
  • Chungjŏn mama (중전 마마; 'Her Royal Highness the Queen')
  • Seja chŏha (세자 저하; 'His Royal Highness the Crown Prince')
  • Wangja agissi (왕자 아기씨; 'His Young Highness the Prince') in childhood, then Taegun chaga / Taegam (대군 자가 / 대감; 'His Highness / His Excellency the Grand Prince') in adulthood
  • Kongju agissi (공주 아기씨; 'Her Young Highness the Royal Princess') in childhood, then Kongju chaga (공주 자가; 'Her Highness the Royal Princess') in adulthood
Title Forms of address Explanation
English Hangul Hanja McCune–Reischauer Hangul Hanja MR Rank
Monarch
King 왕[5]
주상[6]
임금[5]
나랏님[7]
국왕[8]
금상[9]
상감[10]
대전[11]
과인[12]
제왕 		王
主上
—
—
國王
今上
上監
大田
寡人
帝王 		Wang
Chusang
Imgŭm
Narannim
Kugwang
Kŭmsang
Sanggam
Taejŏn
Kwain
Chewang 		전하
마마 		殿下
媽媽 		Chŏnha
Mama 		None Current monarch; he was addressed in different ways depending on the speaker and the situation
King Emeritus 상왕[13] 上王 Sangwang 전하 殿下 Chŏnha Living king who has voluntarily abdicated in favor of the current king
Grand King Emeritus 태상왕[14] 太上王 T'aesangwang An abdicated king whose relinquishment of power precedes that of another king emeritus
Great Late King 선대왕[15] 先大王 Sŏndaewang 마마 媽媽 Mama Deceased king
Late King 선왕 先王 Sŏnwang
Great King 대왕[16] 大王 Taewang
Main consort of a monarch
Queen 왕비[17]
중전[18]
국모
내전 		王妃
中殿
國母
內殿 		Wangbi
Chungjŏn
Kungmo
Naejŏn 		마마 媽媽 Mama None Main consort of a current king
Queen Emerita 상왕비 上王妃 Sangwangbi Main consort of a king emeritus
Grand Queen Emerita 태상왕비[14] 太上王妃 T'aesangwangbi Main consort of a grand king emeritus
Queen Dowager 대비[19] 大妃 Taebi Used to be the short form of wangdaebi, but later became a lower rank; main consort of a deceased king who lived through a subsequent reign
Royal Queen Dowager 왕대비[20]
자전
자선 		王大妃
慈殿
慈聖 		Wangdaebi
Chajŏn
Chasŏn 		Used to be the long form of taebi, but later became a higher rank; main consort of a deceased king who lived through two subsequent reigns
Great Royal Queen Dowager 대왕대비[21] 大王大妃 Taewangdaebi Main consort of a deceased king who lived through at least two subsequent reigns
Queen 왕후[22] 王后 Wanghu Deceased queen
Parents and parents-in-law of a monarch
Grand Internal Prince 대원군[23] 大院君 Taewŏn'gun 대감 大監 Taegam None Father of a king who has never been king himself
Grand Internal Princess Consort 부대부인[24] 府大夫人 Pudaebuin 마님 — Manim Senior 1 (정1품) Wife of a grand internal prince and / or mother of a king
Internal Prince 부원군[25] 府院君 Puwŏn'gun 대감 大監 Taegam None Father of a queen
Internal Princess Consort 부부인 府夫人 Pubuin 마님 — Manim Senior 1 (정1품) Wife of an internal prince and / or mother of a queen
Monarch's male descendant and their main consorts
Prince Royal 원자[26] 元子 Wŏnja 아기씨 — Agissi None Eldest son of a king before being appointed as heir to the throne
Crown Prince 왕세자[27]
세자[27]
동궁[28]
국본 		王世子
世子
東宮
國本 		Wangseja
Seja
Tonggung
Kukpon 		저하
마마 		邸下
媽媽 		Chŏha
Mama 		Son of a king who has been appointed as heir to the throne
Crown Princess 왕세자빈[29]
세자빈[29]
빈궁[30] 		王世子嬪
世子嬪
嬪宮 		Wangsejabin
Sejabin
Pin'gung 		마노라
자가 		—
自家 		Manora
Chaga 		Main consort of a king's son who has been appointed as heir to the throne
Crown Prince 왕세제[31]
세제
동궁
국본 		王世弟
世弟
東宮
國本 		Wangseje
Seje
Tonggung
Kukpon 		저하
마마 		邸下
媽媽 		Chŏha
Mama 		Brother of a king who has been appointed as heir to the throne
Crown Princess 왕세제빈
세제빈
빈궁 		王世弟嬪
世弟嬪
嬪宮 		Wangsejebin
Sejebin
Pin'gung 		마노라
자가 		—
自家 		Manora
Chaga 		Main consort of a king's brother who has been appointed as heir to the throne
Grand Heir 왕세손[32] 王世孫 Wangseson 각하
합하 		閤下 Kakha
Hapha 		Eldest son of a crown prince
Grand Heiress Consort 왕세손빈 王世孫嬪 Wangsesonbin 자가 自家 Chaga Main consort of a crown prince's eldest son
Grand Prince 왕자
대군[33] 		王子
大君 		Wangja
Taegun 		아기씨
자가
대감 		—
自家
大監 		Agissi
Chaga
Taegam 		Son of a king by his main consort
Grand Princess Consort 부부인[34] 府夫人 Pubuin 마님 — Manim Senior 1 (정1품) Wife of a grand prince
Royal Prince 왕자
군[35] 		王子

君

Wangja
Kun 		아기씨
자가
대감 		—
自家
大監 		Agissi
Chaga
Taegam 		None Son of a king by a concubine
Royal Princess Consort 군부인[36] 郡夫人 Kunbuin 마님 — Manim Senior 1 (정1품) Wife of a royal prince
Prince 군 君 Kun — Junior 1 (종1품) Eldest son of a grand prince
Princess Consort 군부인 郡夫人 Kunbuin Wife of a grand prince's eldest son
Prince 군 君 Kun Senior 2 (정2품) Other sons of a crown prince, eldest grandson of a grand prince, eldest son of a royal prince
Princess Consort 현부인 賢夫人 Hyŏnbuin Wife of a prince of the senior second rank
Prince 군 君 Kun Junior 2 (종2품) Grandsons of a crown prince, other sons and eldest great-grandson of a grand prince, eldest grandson of a royal prince
Princess Consort 현부인 賢夫人 Hyŏnbuin Wife of a prince of the junior second rank
— 정 正 Chŏng Senior 3 (정3품) Great-grandsons of a crown prince, other grandsons of a grand prince, other sons and eldest great-grandson of a royal prince
Cautious Lady 신인 慎人 Sinin Wife of a chŏng
— 부정 副正 Pujŏng Junior 3 (종3품) Great-grandsons of a grand prince, other grandsons of a royal prince
Cautious Lady 신인 慎人 Sinin Wife of a pujŏng
— 수 守 Su Senior 4 (정4품) Great-grandsons of a royal prince, sons of a grand prince by a commoner
Benovelent Lady 혜인 惠人 Hyein Wife of a su
— 부수 副守 Pusu Junior 4 (종4품) Sons of a grand prince by a lowborn, sons of a royal prince by a commoner
Benovelent Lady 혜인 惠人 Hyein Wife of a pusu
— 영 令 Yŏng Senior 5 (정5품) Sons of a royal prince by a lowborn
Lady 온인 溫人 Onin Wife of a yŏng
Monarch's female descendants and their consorts
Royal Princess 왕녀
공주[37] 		王女
公主 		Wangnyŏ
Kongju 		아기씨
자가 		—
自家 		Agissi
Chaga 		None Daughter of a king by his main consort
Prince Consort 의빈 儀賓 Ŭibin 부마 駙馬 Puma Junior 1 (종1품) Son-in-law of a king; husband of a royal princess
Princess 왕녀
옹주[38] 		王女
翁主 		Wangnyŏ
Ongju 		아기씨
자가 		—
自家 		Agissi
Chaga 		None Daughter of a king by a concubine
Prince Consort 승빈 承賓 Sŭngbin 부마 駙馬 Puma Junior 2 (종2품) Son-in-law of a king; husband of a princess
Commandery Princess 군주 郡主 Kunju 아기씨
자가 		—
自家 		Agissi
Chaga 		Senior 2 (정2품) Daughter of a crown prince by his main consort
Prince Consort 부빈 副賓 Pubin 부마 駙馬 Puma Senior 3 (정3품) Husband of a commandery princess
County Princess 현주 縣主 Hyŏnju 아기씨
자가 		—
自家 		Agissi
Chaga 		Daughter of a crown prince by a concubine
Prince Consort 첨빈 僉賓 Ch'ŏmbin 부마 駙馬 Puma Junior 3 (종3품) Husband of a county princess

Concubines

See also: Naemyŏngbu

Each royal consort in the inner palace (후궁; 後宮; hugung) had a certain rank, according to which their titles and forms of address were formulated.

English Hangul Hanja McCune–Reischauer Rank
Monarch
Concubine 빈[a] 嬪 Pin senior 1 (정1품)
Noble Lady 귀인 貴人 Kwiin junior 1 (종1품)
Lady of Bright Deportment 소의 昭儀 Soŭi senior 2 (정2품)
Lady of Warm Ceremony 숙의 淑儀 Sugŭi junior 2 (종2품)
Lady of Bright Countenance 소용 昭容 Soyong senior 3 (정3품)
Lady of Warm Countenance 숙용 淑容 Sugyong junior 3 (종3품)
Lady of Bright Beauty 소원 昭媛 Sowŏn senior 4 (정4품)
Lady of Warm Beauty 숙원 淑媛 Sugwŏn junior 4 (종4품)
Crown prince[39]
Lady of Excellence 양제 良娣 Yangje junior 2 (종2품)
Lady of Beauty 양원 良媛 Yangwŏn junior 3 (종3품)
Lady of Inherent Excellence 승휘 承徽 Sŭnghwi junior 4 (종4품)
Lady of Clear Instruction 소훈 昭訓 Sohun junior 5 (종5품)

Royal court

Hangul Hanja McCune–Reischauer Rank
Court ladies (궁녀; kungnyŏ)[40]
상궁 尙宮 Sanggung senior 5 (정5품)
상의 尙儀 Sangŭi
상복 尙服 Sangbok junior 5 (종5품)
상식 尙食 Sangsik
상침 尙寢 Sangch'im senior 6 (정6품)
상공 尙功 Sanggong
상정 尙正 Sangjŏng junior 6 (종6품)
상기 尙記 Sanggi
전빈 典賓 Chŏnbin senior 7 (정7품)
전의 典衣 Chŏnŭi
전선 典膳 Chŏnsŏn
전설 典設 Chŏnsŏl junior 7 (종7품)
전제 典製 Chŏnje
전언 典言 Chŏnŏn
전찬 典贊 Chŏnch'an senior 8 (정8품)
전식 典飾 Chŏnsik
전약 典藥 Chŏnyak
전등 典燈 Chŏndŭng junior 8 (종8품)
전채 典彩 Chŏnch'ae
전정 典正 Chŏnjŏng
주궁 奏宮 Chugung senior 9 (정9품)
주상 奏商 Chusang
주각 奏角 Chugak
주변징 奏變徵 Chubyŏnjing junior 9 (종9품)
주징 主徵 Chujing
주우 奏羽 Chuu
주변궁 奏變宮 Chubyŏn'gung
Eunuchs (내시; naesi)[41]
상선 尙膳 Sangsŏn junior 2 (종2품)
상온 尙醞 Sangon senior 3 (정3품)
상다 尙茶 Sangda
상약 尙藥 Sangyak junior 3 (종3품)
상전 尙傳 Sangjŏn senior 4 (정4품)
상책 尙冊 Sangch'aek junior 4 (종4품)
상호 尙弧 Sangho senior 5 (정5품)
상탕 尙帑 Sangt'ang junior 5 (종5품)
상세 尙洗 Sangse senior 6 (정6품)
상촉 尙燭 Sangch'ok junior 6 (종6품)
상훼 尙煊 Sanghwe senior 7 (정7품)
상설 尙設 Sangsŏl junior 7 (종7품)
상제 尙除 Sangje senior 8 (정8품)
상문 尙門 Sangmun junior 8 (종8품)
상경 尙更 Sanggyŏng senior 9 (정9품)
상원 尙苑 Sangwŏn junior 9 (종9품)

Officials

English Hangul Hanja McCune–Reischauer Rank Explanation
Oemyŏngbu (외명부)
Honorable and Respectful Madame 정경부인 貞敬夫人 Chŏnggyŏngbuin 1st (1품) Wife of a senior and junior 1st rank official
Honorable Madame 정부인 貞夫人 Chŏngbuin 2nd (2품) Wife of a senior and junior 2nd rank official
Virtuous Madame 숙부인 淑夫人 Sukpuin 3rd (3품) Wife of a senior 3rd rank official
Virtuous Lady 숙인 淑人 Sugin Wife of a junior 3rd rank official
Clever Lady 영인 伶人 Yŏngin 4th (4품) Wife of a senior and junior 4th rank official
Courteous Lady 공인 恭人 Kongin 5th (5품) Wife of a senior and junior 5th rank official
Proper Lady 의인 宜人 Ŭiin 6th (6품) Wife of a senior and junior 6th rank official
Peaceful Lady 안인 安人 Anin 7th (7품) Wife of a senior and junior 7th rank official
Regular Lady 단인 端人 Tanin 8th (8품) Wife of a senior and junior 8th rank official
Junior Lady 유인 孺人 Yuin 9th (9품) Wife of a senior and junior 9th rank official

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Had multiple different versions, such as Hŭibin (희빈), Sukpin (숙빈), Kyŏngbin (경빈), Ch'angbin (창빈), Sŏnbin (선빈), etc.

References

  1. ^ Ian Mladjov. "KOREA (HANGUK/JOSEON)" (PDF). University of Michigan. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
  2. ^ "Rediscovering aesthetics of Jongmyo Shrine". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
  3. ^ "Korea: Notes". archontology.org. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
  4. ^ "조선시대 국왕호칭의 종류와 의미 The Kinds and Meaning of King's Name in the Chosun Dynasty". 역사와경계 (in English and Korean) (52). NRF: 46–67. 2004. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
  5. ^ a b "왕" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  6. ^ "주상" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  7. ^ "나랏님" (in Korean). Daum Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
  8. ^ "국왕" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  9. ^ "금상" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  10. ^ "상감" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  11. ^ "대전" (in Korean). Britannica Korea. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  12. ^ The king used to address himself this way. "과인" (in Korean). Daum Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  13. ^ "상왕" (in Korean). Daum Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  14. ^ a b "태상왕" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  15. ^ "선대왕" (in Korean). Daum Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  16. ^ "대왕" (in Korean and English). Daum Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
  17. ^ "왕비" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  18. ^ "중전" (in Korean). Daum Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  19. ^ "대비" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  20. ^ "왕대비". National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  21. ^ "대왕대비" (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  22. ^ "왕후" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  23. ^ "대원군" (in Korean and English). Daum Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
  24. ^ "부대부인" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  25. ^ "부원군" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  26. ^ "원자" (in Korean and English). Daum Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-01.
  27. ^ a b "왕세자" (in Korean). Daum Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  28. ^ "동궁" (in Korean). Daum Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-02.
  29. ^ a b "왕세자빈" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  30. ^ "빈궁" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  31. ^ "왕세제" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
  32. ^ "왕세손" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  33. ^ "대군" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  34. ^ "부부인" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  35. ^ "군" (in Korean). Britannica Korea. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  36. ^ "군부인" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  37. ^ "공주" (in Korean). Naver Dictionary. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  38. ^ "옹주" (in Korean). Britannica Korea. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  39. ^ "궁인직" (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
  40. ^ "궁녀" (in Korean). Britannica Korea via Daum. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
  41. ^ "내시부" (in Korean). Britannica Korea via Daum. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
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