Streptococcus parauberis

Streptococcus parauberis
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Bacillati
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Streptococcaceae
Genus: Streptococcus
Species:
S. parauberis
Binomial name
Streptococcus parauberis
Williams & Collins, 1990

Streptococcus parauberis is a species of gram-positive, coccus-shaped, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the genus Streptococcus. This species is associated with bovine mastitis in dairy cows and infectious disease in aquaculture species, particularly olive flounder.

Taxonomy

Streptococcus parauberis was originally included as a distinct genotype within Streptococcus uberis. In 1990, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis on isolates recovered from cows with mastitis in the United Kingdom demonstrated that the species was sufficiently divergent to be classified as a new species.[1] The species name "parauberis" reflects its close relationship to Streptococcus uberis.

Description

Streptococcus parauberis are gram-positive, catalase-negative, nonmotile bacteria. On blood agar, colonies are small, smooth, and convex.[2] Colonies may be alpha-hemolytic or non-hemolytic.[3] S. parauberis is able to hydrolyze aesculin.[4] S. parauberis and S. uberis are biochemically similar and the two species are difficult to differentiate through conventional culture methods.[5]

Serology

Streptococcus parauberis can be divided into five serotypes based on capsular polysaccharide (cps) gene diversity: I, II, III, IV, and V.[6] A multiplex PCR assay has been developed to differentiate the serotypes.[7] Serotype I and II were first isolated in olive flounder in South Korea and Japan.[8][9] Serotype III was isolated from fish in Spain[10] and the United States.[11]

Serotype distribution varies geographically and among host species, making serological characterization important for epidemiological surveillance and disease control in aquaculture. Serotyping may also inform vaccine development, as candidate vaccine strains are often selected to reflect the serotypes circulating within a particular region or fish population.[12]

Bovine mastitis

Streptococcus parauberis has been isolated from cases of bovine matitis, an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland in dairy cattle.[13] Transmission of this bacteria often occurs during milking.[14] Prevention is preferred to treatment because lactating glands have compromised immune function.

Streptococcus parauberis has also been detected in bovine milk samples, although not as frequently as S. uberis.[15]

Aquaculture

Streptococcus parauberis is also a significant pathogen in aquaculture and has been associated with streptococcosis in several fish species, including olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and turbot.[16][17] Infected fish may present with bilateral exopthalmic eyes and rotten gills.[16] Other clinical signs of S. parauberis infection included darkened body coloration and cachexia.[18]

Treatment

Antibiotics are the most effective treatment method for bacterial infections in farmed fish.[19] Antibiotic absorption rates and effects vary across fish species and optimal dosing should be considered in order to minimize the development of resistance.[20] Antibiotics reported to have activity against S. parauberis infections in aquaculture include tylosin, amoxicillin, and lincomycin.[21][19] However, antibiotic resistance in S. parauberis is rising, particularly to erythromycin and tetracycline.[22]

Phage therapy has also been investigated as a potential alternative to antibiotics in aquaculture. In 2017, a bacteriophage designated Stre-PAP-1 was isolated and characterized for activity against S. parauberis.[23] This phage was found to be effective in both treatment and prevention of streptococcosis caused by S. parauberis.


References

  1. ^ Williams, A. M.; Collins, M. D. (1990). "Molecular taxonomic studies on Streptococcus uberis types I and II. Description of Streptococcus parauberis sp. nov". The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 68 (5): 485–490. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02900.x. ISSN 0021-8847. PMID 1695217.
  2. ^ Oliver, S.P.; Pighetti, G.M.; Almeida, R.A. (2011-01-01). "Mastitis Pathogens | Environmental Pathogens". Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences: 415–421. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374407-4.00301-0. ISBN 978-0-12-374407-4.
  3. ^ Baeck, Gun Wook; Kim, Ji Hyung; Gomez, Dennis Kaw; Park, Se Chang (2006). "Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus sp. from diseased flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Jeju Island". Journal of Veterinary Science. 7 (1): 53–58. doi:10.4142/jvs.2006.7.1.53. ISSN 1229-845X. PMC 3242086. PMID 16434850.
  4. ^ Gobbetti, M; Calasso, M (2014). Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (2nd ed.). Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00324-4.
  5. ^ Jayarao, B. M.; Doré, J. J.; Baumbach, G. A.; Matthews, K. R.; Oliver, S. P. (1991). "Differentiation of Streptococcus uberis from Streptococcus parauberis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 29 (12): 2774–2778. doi:10.1128/jcm.29.12.2774-2778.1991. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 270431. PMID 1684585.
  6. ^ Lee, Yoonhang; Kim, Nameun; Roh, HeyongJin; Ho, Diem Tho; Park, Jiyeon; Lee, Ju Yeop; Kim, Yoon-Jae; Kang, Hyo-Young; Lee, Jungmin; Song, Jun-Young; Kim, Ahran; Kim, Myoung Sug; Cho, Miyoung; Choi, Hye Sung; Park, Chan-Il (2023-10-17). "Serotype distribution and antibiogram of Streptococcus parauberis isolated from fish in South Korea". Microbiology Spectrum. 11 (5): e0440022. doi:10.1128/spectrum.04400-22. ISSN 2165-0497. PMC 10581249. PMID 37555676.
  7. ^ Tu, Chuandeng; Suga, Koushirou; Kanai, Kinya (2015). "A Multiplex PCR Assay for Different-iation of Streptococcus parauberis Serotypes". Fish Pathology. 50 (4): 213–215. Bibcode:2015FishP..50..213T. doi:10.3147/jsfp.50.213.
  8. ^ Kanai, Kinya; Tu, Chuandeng; Katayama, Naoki; Suga, Koushirou (2015). "Existence of Subserotypes in Streptococcus parauberis Serotype I". 魚病研究. 50 (2): 75–80. doi:10.3147/jsfp.50.75.
  9. ^ Kim, Kyeong Wook; Yoo, Eun Ho; Yang, Hye Young; Kang, Bong Jo (2020-12-31). "Isolation Characteristics of causative agent of Streptococcosis and Serotype Changes of Streptococcus parauberis from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Jeju". Journal of Fish Pathology. 33 (2): 119–125. doi:10.7847/JFP.2020.33.2.119.
  10. ^ Torres-Corral, Yolanda; Santos, Ysabel (2020). "Comparative genomics of Streptococcus parauberis: new target for molecular identification of serotype III". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 104 (14): 6211–6222. doi:10.1007/s00253-020-10683-z. ISSN 0175-7598. PMC 7241068. PMID 32440705.
  11. ^ Haines, Ashley N.; Gauthier, David T.; Nebergall, Emily E.; Cole, Stephen D.; Nguyen, Khristopher M.; Rhodes, Martha W.; Vogelbein, Wolfgang K. (2013-09-27). "First report of Streptococcus parauberis in wild finfish from North America". Veterinary Microbiology. 166 (1–2): 270–275. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.002. ISSN 1873-2542. PMID 23769635.
  12. ^ Pollard, Andrew J.; Bijker, Else M. (2021). "A guide to vaccinology: from basic principles to new developments". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 21 (2): 83–100. Bibcode:2021NatRI..21...83P. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00479-7. ISSN 1474-1741. PMC 7754704. PMID 33353987.
  13. ^ Williams, A. M.; Collins, M. D. (1990). "Molecular taxonomic studies on Streptococcus uberis types I and II. Description of Streptococcus parauberis sp. nov". The Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 68 (5): 485–490. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb02900.x. ISSN 0021-8847. PMID 1695217.
  14. ^ "Mastitis in Cattle - Reproductive System". Merck Veterinary Manual. Retrieved 2026-05-16.
  15. ^ Pitkälä, A.; Koort, J.; Björkroth, J. (2008). "Identification and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus parauberis isolated from bovine milk samples". Journal of Dairy Science. 91 (10): 4075–4081. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1040. ISSN 1525-3198. PMID 18832235.
  16. ^ a b Baeck, Gun Wook; Kim, Ji Hyung; Gomez, Dennis Kaw; Park, Se Chang (2006). "Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus sp. from diseased flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Jeju Island". Journal of Veterinary Science. 7 (1): 53–58. doi:10.4142/jvs.2006.7.1.53. ISSN 1229-845X. PMC 3242086. PMID 16434850.
  17. ^ Romalde, J. L.; Magariños, B.; Villar, C.; Barja, J. L.; Toranzo, A. E. (1999-10-15). "Genetic analysis of turbot pathogenic Streptococcus parauberis strains by ribotyping and random amplified polymorphic DNA". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 179 (2): 297–304. Bibcode:1999FEMML.179..297R. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08741.x. ISSN 0378-1097. PMID 10518729.
  18. ^ Nho, Seong-Won; Shin, Gee-Wook; Park, Seong-Bin; Jang, Ho-Bin; Cha, In-Seok; Ha, Mi-Ae; Kim, Young-Rim; Park, Yon-Kyoung; Dalvi, Rishikesh S.; Kang, Bong-Jo; Joh, Seong-Joon; Jung, Tae-Sung (2009). "Phenotypic characteristics of Streptococcus iniae and Streptococcus parauberis isolated from olive flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus )". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 293 (1): 20–27. Bibcode:2009FEMML.293...20N. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01491.x. PMID 19278524.
  19. ^ a b Jo, SeongHyun; Bae, Jun Sung; Seo, Jung Soo; Yang, EunChong; Noh, Eulbit; Choi, Hee-Jae; Lee, Ji-Hoon; Kim, Bosung; Kwon, Mun-Gyeong; Kang, Yue Jai (2026). "Therapeutic Efficacy of Amoxicillin and Lincomycin Administration Against Streptococcus parauberis in Starry Flounders ( Platichthys stellatus )". Aquaculture Research. 2026 (1) 9210769. doi:10.1155/are/9210769. ISSN 1355-557X.
  20. ^ Limbu, Samwel Mchele; Chen, Li-Qiao; Zhang, Mei-Ling; Du, Zhen-Yu (2021). "A global analysis on the systemic effects of antibiotics in cultured fish and their potential human health risk: a review". Reviews in Aquaculture. 13 (2): 1015–1059. Bibcode:2021RvAq...13.1015L. doi:10.1111/raq.12511. ISSN 1753-5123. OSTI 1805088.
  21. ^ Joo, Min-Soo; Hwang, Seong Don; Choi, Kwang-Min; Kim, Yoon-Jae; Hwang, Jee Youn; Kwon, Mun-Gyeong; Jeong, Ji-Min; Seo, Jung Soo; Lee, Ji Hoon; Lee, Hee-Chung; Park, Chan-Il (2020-08-10). "Application of tylosin antibiotics to olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) infected with Streptococcus parauberis". Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 23 (1) 20. Bibcode:2020FAqS...23...20J. doi:10.1186/s41240-020-00165-8. ISSN 2234-1757.
  22. ^ Park, Yon-Kyoung; Nho, Seong-Won; Shin, Gee-Wook; Park, Seong-Bin; Jang, Ho-Bin; Cha, In-Seok; Ha, Mi-Ae; Kim, Young-Rim; Dalvi, Rishikesh S.; Kang, Bong-Jo; Jung, Tae-Sung (2009). "Antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of Streptococcus iniae and Streptococcus parauberis isolated from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)". Veterinary Microbiology. 136 (1–2): 76–81. Bibcode:2009VetMb.136...76P. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.002. ISSN 0378-1135. PMID 19019569.
  23. ^ Kwon, An Sung; Kang, Bong Jo; Jun, Soo Youn; Yoon, Seong Jun; Lee, Jae Hwan; Kang, Sang Hyeon (2017-02-01). "Evaluating the effectiveness of Streptococcus parauberis bacteriophage Str-PAP-1 as an environmentally friendly alternative to antibiotics for aquaculture". Aquaculture. 468: 464–470. Bibcode:2017Aquac.468..464K. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.11.013. ISSN 0044-8486.


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