Strawberry latent ringspot virus
| Strawberry latent ringspot virus | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| (unranked): | Virus |
| Realm: | Riboviria |
| Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
| Phylum: | Pisuviricota |
| Class: | Pisoniviricetes |
| Order: | Picornavirales |
| Family: | Secoviridae |
| Genus: | Stralarivirus |
| Species: | Stralarivirus fragariae
|
| Synonyms | |
| |
Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV), different form, is a plant pathogenic virus of the genus Stralarivirus with its primary host of Fragaria × ananassa (strawberry). The virus is transmitted primarily by nematodes and has been detected primarily in Europe, but has some presence on other continents.[1][2]
Originally classified as a Sadwavirus, then a Nepovirus, after genomic sequencing it (alongside other related viruses) was assigned a new genus Stralarivirus.[3]
Host range and distribution
The primary host is the cultivated Fragaria × ananassa (strawberry), but infections have also been reported in Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant), Rubus idaeus (raspberry), Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut), and Rheum rhabarbarum (rhubarb).[4] The virus is present across Europe, North America, New Zealand, and parts of Asia.[5][6][7]
Transmission and epidemiology
SLRSV is transmitted by nematodes in the genus Xiphinema, notably Xiphinema diversicaudatum, in a semi-persistent manner. It can also be spread by infected propagation material and mechanically through contaminated tools.[8]
Symptoms and detection
In strawberries, infection is often latent and symptomless. When symptoms occur, they may include mottling, leaf deformation, or reduced vigor, depending on cultivar and environmental conditions.[6][9] Additionally, infections often occur in mixed infections alongside other pathogenic plant viruses.
A variety of laboratory detection methods for SLRSV exist, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Commercial ELISA kits are widely used for screening strawberry stock plants. RNA-based molecular assays are also used to confirm infections and distinguish SLRSV from other Secoviridae members.[10]
Management and importance
SLRSV infection can cause plant damage and yield reduction in infected produce, primarily strawberries. Its capability to remain latent can hinder large scale agriculture and nursery programs. Additionally, the virus may remain latent in non-crop hosts/other crops which makes proper containment difficult.
Common pomological certification is conducted by isolating and maintaining a stock of pure samples which are regularly checked for infection. As the virus is reliant on nematodes it is reliant on already infected plants and soil to spread, so hygiene and testing can ensure a safe crop. This method has the added benefit of screening for other similar diseases such as Arabis mosaic virus.[11]
References
- ^ "Current ICTV Taxonomy Release | ICTV". ictv.global. Retrieved 2025-11-03.
- ^ "Species List: Secoviridae | ICTV". ictv.global. Retrieved 2025-11-03.
- ^ Dullemans, A. M.; Botermans, M.; de Kock, M. J. D.; de Krom, C. E.; van der Lee, T. a. J.; Roenhorst, J. W.; Stulemeijer, I. J. E.; Verbeek, M.; Westenberg, M.; van der Vlugt, R. a. A. (January 2020). "Creation of a new genus in the family Secoviridae substantiated by sequence variation of newly identified strawberry latent ringspot virus isolates". Archives of Virology. 165 (1): 21–31. doi:10.1007/s00705-019-04437-0. ISSN 1432-8798. PMC 6954903. PMID 31624917.
- ^ "EPPO Global Database: Strawberry latent ringspot virus". European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
- ^ "Strawberry Latent Ringspot Virus Found in North America". United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
- ^ a b Tang, J.; Ward, L. I.; Clover GRG (2013). "The Diversity of Strawberry latent ringspot virus in New Zealand". Plant Disease. 97 (11): 1450–1455. doi:10.1094/PDIS-07-12-0703-RE. PMID 30722200.
- ^ CABI; EPPO (2006-03-09). "Strawberry latent ringspot virus . [Distribution map]". Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases. doi:10.1079/dmpd/20066500891. ISSN 0012-396X.
- ^ HARRISON, B. D. (December 1967). "The transmission of strawberry latent ringspot virus by Xiphinema diversicaudatutn (Nematoda)". Annals of Applied Biology. 60 (3): 405–409. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1967.tb04494.x. ISSN 0003-4746.
- ^ Makar, A. B.; McMartin, K. E.; Palese, M.; Tephly, T. R. (June 1975). "Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning". Biochemical Medicine. 13 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1016/0006-2944(75)90147-7. ISSN 0006-2944. PMID 1.
- ^ Yan, Bo; Lu, Mengjiao; Han, Jijing; Cao, Yuhao; Yan, Fei; Song, Xuemei (2025). "Molecular insights and diagnostic advances in strawberry-infecting viruses". Frontiers in Microbiology. 16 1655696. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1655696. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 12364898. PMID 40842845.
- ^ "Certification scheme for strawberry". EPPO Bulletin. 38 (3): 430–437. 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.2008.01259.x. ISSN 1365-2338.