Steamer duck

The steamer ducks are a genus (Tachyeres) of ducks in the family Anatidae. Three of the four species occur in the southern part of the Southern Cone of South America in Chile and Argentina, and the fourth on the Falkland Islands 500 km to the east; all except the flying steamer duck are flightless, and even this one species capable of flight only rarely takes to the air.^[2][3][4] They can be aggressive and are capable of chasing off predators like petrels. Bloody battles of steamer ducks with each other over territory disputes are observed in nature. They even kill waterbirds that are several times their size.^[5]

The genus Tachyeres was introduced in 1875 by the English zoologist Richard Owen to accommodate the Falkland steamer duck.^[6] The genus name Tachyeres, "having fast oars" or "fast rower", comes from Ancient Greek ταχυ- "fast" + ἐρέσσω "I row (as with oars)".^[7] The common name "steamer ducks" arose because, when swimming fast, they flap their wings into the water as well as using their feet, creating an effect like a paddle steamer.^[8]

They were usually placed in the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae. However, mtDNA sequence analyses of the cytochrome b, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, and other genes indicate that Tachyeres instead belongs in a distinct clade of aberrant South American dabbling ducks, which also includes the Brazilian teal Amazonetta brasiliensis, the crested duck Lophonetta specularioides, and the bronze-winged duck Speculanas specularis.^[9][10][11]

There are four species:^[2][4]

Genetic evidence suggests the species form two sister groups:^[10][11]

Flightless Tachyeres may be paraphyletic, as shown above. There are multiple possible explanations of this. It is unlikely that flightlessness evolved once in all Tachyeres and then disappeared in T. patachonicus, because there is no evidence for a reversal of evolution, and these reversals are extremely rare.^[3] It is more likely that flightlessness evolved independently in each steamer duck species.^[3] The DYRK1A enzyme has been identified as a candidate gene for flightlessness in steamer ducks.^[3] This finding, combined with the range of flight capability, means the evolutionary history of the group may not be so clear cut.

There is genomic evidence of recent speciation into the four Tachyeres species. Flightless Tachyeres are thought to be undergoing a modern evolutionary transition to flightlessness, which explains the range of flight capability observed across the genus.^[3] The largest males of the most volant species, the flying steamer duck, are completely incapable of flight, while other individuals rarely fly.^[3] The flying steamer duck is the only species to reside in landlocked bodies of water. Generally, island bound/isolated avian populations are more likely to experience evolution towards flightlessness, which may be the case for several Tachyeres populations in the coastal South American regions.^[12]

• Media related to Tachyeres at Wikimedia Commons
• Cunningham, Robert O. (November 1871). "On some Points in the Anatomy of the Steamer Duck (Micropterus cinereus)". Transactions of the Zoological Society of London. 7 (7): 493–501. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1871.tb00278.x. hdl:2027/hvd.32044107224503; plates lviii–lxii{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)