Swat (princely state)

State of Swat
Pashto: رياست سوات
State of Swat Pashto: رياست سوات
1849–1969
	Flag
Status	Princely state in alliance with British India (1918–1947); Princely state of Pakistan (1947–1969)
Capital	Saidu Sharif
Religion	Islam
Wāli of Swat
History
• Established	1849
• Merged into North-West Frontier Province	28 July 1969
Area
• Total	2,934 sq mi (7,600 km2)
Currency	Rupee, Pakistan Rupee (after 1947)
Today part of	Pakistan; · Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

State of Swat (Urdu: رياست سوات) was a princely state that existed between 1915 and 1969 in the North-West Frontier Province. It was recognized as a princely state in alliance with the British Raj by the British colonial government in 1926. In 1947 the Wali of Swat acceded to the newly independent state of Pakistan. Swat continued to exist as an autonomous region until it was dissolved in 1969,^[2] and incorporated into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (formerly North-West Frontier Province).

The area it covered is now divided among the present-day districts of Swat, Buner, Malakand, parts of Upper and Lower Dir, western parts of Indus Kohistan, and Shangla.

History and origin

Origin

The Swat state was established by a religious leader, Saidu Baba,^[3] who was born in a Muslim Gujjar^[4]^[3]^[5] family of the upper Swat Valley in 1794.^[6] He began his life as a shepherd and then left the village at the age of 18 to settled in the village of Mian Brangola, where he got his early education and learnt the fundamentals of Islam.^[6]

History

The Swat region, known in ancient times as Oddiyana, was conquered by the Yousafzai tribe in the early 16th century, coinciding with the Babur's conquest of Delhi Sultanate. Following the conquest and land distribution, the Yousafzais lived a highly independent and tribal lifestyle, recognising no state authority and resisting Mughal and later Durrani attempts to expand their influence into Swat. They maintained their independence until the mid-19th century. After the expansion of the British East India Company following the Second Anglo-Sikh War into the neighbouring areas of Hazara, Buner and Mardan, the various tribes of Swat felt the need to elect their single leader. In 1849 Syed Akbar Shah, a religious leader descending from Pir Baba, was elected as the king of Swat. After his death the authority passed to Saidu Baba, another religious figure.^[7] The region fell into the earlier state of anarchy after Saidu Baba's death in 1877.^[8]

Saidu Baba a Muslim Gujjar ultimately settled in 1849 at Saidu Sharif, gradually turning Swat into an independent state.^[9]^: 40 However, after his death in 1877, Swat fell into abeyance till 1915, when Abdul Jabbar, a descendant of Pir Baba was elected as leader. In 1918, the grandson of Saidu Baba, Miangul Abdul Wadud became the Wali of Swat. Soon Swat was recognized by the British government as a princely state. In 1947, Miangul Abdul Wadud acceded his state to Pakistan.

The British established the Malakand Agency in 1895 consisting of Swat, Dir and Chitral, but did not interfere in the internal independence of the tribes. In 1915, Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah, another descendant of Pir Baba, was elected as the ruler but he was deposed only two years later and Miangul Abdul Wadud, the grandson of Saidu Baba, was elected by the tribal jirga. Abdul Wadud, better known by his title Bacha Sahib, proved to be a capable ruler and soon expanded his influence in all directions. He brought Yousafzai territories of Buner, Malakand, and parts of Dir under his control. In 1922-23 he conquered the Swat Kohistan, followed by the conquest of Indus Kohistan as far as the west bank of river Indus. After a fierce fighting his army defeated the Kohistanis of Besham and Kormung (present-day Shangla) in 1926, and Bacha Sahib settled Yousafzai tribes in Shangla. The quick expansion raised alarms among the British colonial authorities and they delimited the sphere of influence of Abdul Wadud, recognising Swat as a princely state and awarding him the title of Wali of Swat.^[10]

Upon Pakistan's independence in August 1947, Swat became a fully independent princely state until 3 November, when it acceded to Pakistan as one of the autonomous Princely states of Pakistan, and the Wali continued to rule.^[11] The last Wali, Miangul Jahan Zeb continued to exercise absolute rule until Pakistan took control, when on 28 July 1969, Yahya Khan announced the full integration of Swat, Chitral, and Dir into Pakistan. The state of Swat was incorporated into the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The title was made honorary after 1969 when the monarch was replaced by a civil administration. Today, the title is used unofficially as a courtesy title by heirs of the Miangul family.

Legacy

Under the rule of Miangul Jehanzeb, who assumed the role of Wali in 1949, Swat experienced a remarkable growth in educational opportunities. He founded several schools and colleges, most notably Jehanzeb College in 1952. Education was offered at no cost, and scholarships were made available to students, resulting in a substantial rise in literacy rates.^[12]^[13]

Miangul Jahan Zeb implemented a judicial system that combined traditional practices with modern governance. A network of qazis (judges) was established to ensure swift justice. Law and order were maintained through a combination of local jirgas (councils) and state enforcement, leading to a significant reduction in crime.^[14]

Under the leadership of Miangul Jahan Zeb, Swat's economy experienced diversification, becoming recognized for its handicrafts such as woolen blankets (Sharai), shawls, rugs, and intricate embroidery. Additionally, marble and emerald mining played a significant role in boosting the local economy.^[15]

Miangul Abdul Wadud made investments in the preservation of culture and the development of architecture. The White Palace in Marghuzar, constructed in 1940, functioned as a summer retreat and stands as a symbol of the area's architectural legacy.

Government

The rulers of Swat held the title Amir-e Shariyat and from 1918 were known as Badshah; the title changed to Wali in 1926 when it became a Princely State of the British Raj. Since 1969 the former princely state has been under a civil administration as part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.^[2]

State of Swat
No.	Name	Reign begin	Reign ended	Notes
1	Syed Akbar Shah	1849	11 May 1857	A descendant of Pir Baba, a renowned Sufi saint from Buner, he was chosen as the inaugural ruler of Swat through tribal agreement.
2	Akhund Abdul Ghaffur	11 May 1857	1878	A notable religious figure, led Swat with his spiritual influence, ensuring peace and stability by enforcing Islamic law and utilizing tribal agreement.^[16]
–	Interregnum	1878	1915	After the death of Saidu Baba, Swat entered a phase of political turmoil characterized by a lack of centralized governance, resulting in the distribution of power among local Khans and tribal leaders.
4	Syed Abdul Jabbar Shah	April 1915	September 1917	Previously Prime Minister of Amb State, he was appointed as the leader of Swat by tribal elders in 1915.^[17]
5	Miangul Abdul Wadud	September 1917	12 December 1949	Grandson of Saidu Baba, he brought unity to Swat and was acknowledged by the British as the Wali (ruler) in 1926.^[14]^[15]
6	Miangul Jahan Zeb	12 December 1949	28 July 1969	He succeeded his father and advanced modernization initiatives with a significant emphasis on education, healthcare, infrastructure, and economic development. He willingly joined Pakistan, leading to Swat's incorporation into West Pakistan in 1969.
Titular Head
7	Miangul Aurangzeb	1969	3 August 2014	Held ceremonial title following the merger; held the position of governor in several provinces Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province, which is now known as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
8	Miangul Adnan Aurangzeb	3 August 2014	30 May 2022	An engineer and former member of National Assembly of Pakistan from 1997–1999. He represented the Royal family at cultural and civic events before dying in a car accident in 2022.
9	Miangul Mahmood Aurangzeb	30 May 2022	–	Perpetuates the family's tradition of ceremonies and participation in local matters.

References

^ Rum (2008), p. 16.
^ ^a ^b Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Ann Mills, Margaret (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Taylor & Francis. p. 447. ISBN 9780415939195.
^ ^a ^b McMahon, A. H.; Ramsay, A. D. G. (1981). Report on the Tribes of Dir, Swat, and Bajour Together with the Utman-khel and Sam Ranizai. Saeed Book Bank. p. 24. Saidu Baba Akhund of Swat was born in 1784 of Gujar parents, in either Upper Swat or Boner (some accounts say at Jabrai in Upper Swat Valley).
^
- Ziad, Waleed (16 November 2021). Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus. Harvard University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-674-24881-6. Later known as the Akhund of Swat, he was arguably the region's most beloved personality of the nineteenth century. Originally from a poor family of Gujjar pastoralists, at age eighteen he de-voted himself to religious studies.
- Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain Mario (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7. Swat state's Akhund is said to be of Gujar origin from the village of Jabrai.
- Edwards, David B. (2 October 1996). Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan Frontier. University of California Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-520-20063-0. Himself the son of a shepherd (some say from the Gujar tribe), the Akhund (born Abdul Ghafur) became a disciple of a local pir of the Qadiriya Sufi order named Sahibzada Muhammad Shwaib, who taught him the ritual formulae that are recited in the practice known as zikr.
- Beattie, Dr Hugh; Beattie, Hugh (16 December 2013). Imperial Frontier: Tribe and State in Waziristan. Routledge. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-136-83957-3. On this frontier, for example, the Akhund of Swat was not a Pashtun (he may have been a Gujar) and the Hadda Mullah, who was a Pashtun, established himself in an area where he had no local connections (Roy 1996: 59, Ahmed 1976: 94, D.B. Edwardes 1986: 282).
- Roy, Olivier (1990). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-521-39700-1. The Akhund of Swat¹ was probably a Gujar rather than a Yusufzay, the tribe he belonged to from choice.
^
- Rose, Horace Arthur; Ibbetson, Sir Denzil (1979). A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the North-west Frontier Provinces and the Protected Territories of the North-west Frontier Provinces. Amar Prakashan. The akhund of Swat Abdul Ghafur was a Gujar who earned that title by his learning and his descendants are styled Akhúnd-...
- Ram, S. (2002). Encyclopaedia of Afghanistan: Taliban and Muslim fundamentalism. Anmol Publications. p. 45. ISBN 978-81-261-1114-5. The Akhund of Swat was probably a Gujar rather than a Yusufzay, the tribe he belonged to from choice.
^ ^a ^b Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain M. (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. pp. 77–79. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7.
^
*Ziad, Waleed (16 November 2021). Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus. Harvard University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-674-24881-6. Later known as the Akhund of Swat, he was arguably the region's most beloved personality of the nineteenth century. Originally from a poor family of Gujjar pastoralists, at age eighteen he de-voted himself to religious studies.
- Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain Mario (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7. Swat state's Akhund is said to be of Gujar origin from the village of Jabrai.
- Edwards, David B. (2 October 1996). Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan Frontier. University of California Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-520-20063-0. Himself the son of a shepherd (some say from the Gujar tribe), the Akhund (born Abdul Ghafur) became a disciple of a local pir of the Qadiriya Sufi order named Sahibzada Muhammad Shwaib, who taught him the ritual formulae that are recited in the practice known as zikr.
- Beattie, Dr Hugh; Beattie, Hugh (16 December 2013). Imperial Frontier: Tribe and State in Waziristan. Routledge. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-136-83957-3. On this frontier, for example, the Akhund of Swat was not a Pashtun (he may have been a Gujar) and the Hadda Mullah, who was a Pashtun, established himself in an area where he had no local connections (Roy 1996: 59, Ahmed 1976: 94, D.B. Edwardes 1986: 282).
- Roy, Olivier (1990). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-521-39700-1. The Akhund of Swat¹ was probably a Gujar rather than a Yusufzay, the tribe he belonged to from choice.
^ Haroon, Sana (2011). Frontier of Faith: Islam, in the Indo-Afghan Borderland. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1849041836.
^ Haroon, Sana (2011). Frontier of Faith: Islam, in the Indo-Afghan Borderland. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1849041836.
^ Miangul Adnan Aurangzeb, "Flashback, The Wali of Swat", The Express Tribune, 4 August 2014, at tribune.com.pk, accessed 1 November 2020
^ Wayne Ayres Wilcox, Pakistan: The Consolidation of a Nation (Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-02589-8), p. 82
^ Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (22 July 2018). "Glorious past of Swat State". thenews.com. The News. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
^ Khan, Talimand (28 December 2017). "Centennial of the Swat state". dailytimes.com.pk. Daily Times. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
^ ^a ^b Kazim, Syeda Shehrbano (23 March 2016). "Remembering the Swat princely state as it was". dawn.com. DAWN. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
^ ^a ^b Ahmed, Syed Shujaat (14 July 2018). "Addressing the gaps in Swat's economic plans". dailytimes.com. Daily Times. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
^ "Akhund Abdul Ghaffur of Swat" (PDF). philaletheians.co.uk. Philaletheians. Retrieved 13 May 2025.
^ "Akhund Abdul Ghaffur of Swat". swatencyclopedia.com. Swat Encyclopedia. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2025.

External links

Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

[FOOTNOTERum200816-1] Rum (2008), p. 16.

[T&F-2] Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Ann Mills, Margaret (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Taylor & Francis. p. 447. ISBN 9780415939195.

[:1-3] McMahon, A. H.; Ramsay, A. D. G. (1981). Report on the Tribes of Dir, Swat, and Bajour Together with the Utman-khel and Sam Ranizai. Saeed Book Bank. p. 24. Saidu Baba Akhund of Swat was born in 1784 of Gujar parents, in either Upper Swat or Boner (some accounts say at Jabrai in Upper Swat Valley).

[4] 
Ziad, Waleed (16 November 2021). Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus. Harvard University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-674-24881-6. Later known as the Akhund of Swat, he was arguably the region's most beloved personality of the nineteenth century. Originally from a poor family of Gujjar pastoralists, at age eighteen he de-voted himself to religious studies.

Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain Mario (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7. Swat state's Akhund is said to be of Gujar origin from the village of Jabrai.

Edwards, David B. (2 October 1996). Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan Frontier. University of California Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-520-20063-0. Himself the son of a shepherd (some say from the Gujar tribe), the Akhund (born Abdul Ghafur) became a disciple of a local pir of the Qadiriya Sufi order named Sahibzada Muhammad Shwaib, who taught him the ritual formulae that are recited in the practice known as zikr.

Beattie, Dr Hugh; Beattie, Hugh (16 December 2013). Imperial Frontier: Tribe and State in Waziristan. Routledge. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-136-83957-3. On this frontier, for example, the Akhund of Swat was not a Pashtun (he may have been a Gujar) and the Hadda Mullah, who was a Pashtun, established himself in an area where he had no local connections (Roy 1996: 59, Ahmed 1976: 94, D.B. Edwardes 1986: 282).

Roy, Olivier (1990). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-521-39700-1. The Akhund of Swat¹ was probably a Gujar rather than a Yusufzay, the tribe he belonged to from choice.

[5] Ziad, Waleed (16 November 2021). Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus. Harvard University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-674-24881-6. Later known as the Akhund of Swat, he was arguably the region's most beloved personality of the nineteenth century. Originally from a poor family of Gujjar pastoralists, at age eighteen he de-voted himself to religious studies.

[6] Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain Mario (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7. Swat state's Akhund is said to be of Gujar origin from the village of Jabrai.

[7] Edwards, David B. (2 October 1996). Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan Frontier. University of California Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-520-20063-0. Himself the son of a shepherd (some say from the Gujar tribe), the Akhund (born Abdul Ghafur) became a disciple of a local pir of the Qadiriya Sufi order named Sahibzada Muhammad Shwaib, who taught him the ritual formulae that are recited in the practice known as zikr.

[8] Beattie, Dr Hugh; Beattie, Hugh (16 December 2013). Imperial Frontier: Tribe and State in Waziristan. Routledge. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-136-83957-3. On this frontier, for example, the Akhund of Swat was not a Pashtun (he may have been a Gujar) and the Hadda Mullah, who was a Pashtun, established himself in an area where he had no local connections (Roy 1996: 59, Ahmed 1976: 94, D.B. Edwardes 1986: 282).

[9] Roy, Olivier (1990). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-521-39700-1. The Akhund of Swat¹ was probably a Gujar rather than a Yusufzay, the tribe he belonged to from choice.

[5] 
Rose, Horace Arthur; Ibbetson, Sir Denzil (1979). A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the North-west Frontier Provinces and the Protected Territories of the North-west Frontier Provinces. Amar Prakashan. The akhund of Swat Abdul Ghafur was a Gujar who earned that title by his learning and his descendants are styled Akhúnd-...

Ram, S. (2002). Encyclopaedia of Afghanistan: Taliban and Muslim fundamentalism. Anmol Publications. p. 45. ISBN 978-81-261-1114-5. The Akhund of Swat was probably a Gujar rather than a Yusufzay, the tribe he belonged to from choice.

[11] Rose, Horace Arthur; Ibbetson, Sir Denzil (1979). A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the North-west Frontier Provinces and the Protected Territories of the North-west Frontier Provinces. Amar Prakashan. The akhund of Swat Abdul Ghafur was a Gujar who earned that title by his learning and his descendants are styled Akhúnd-...

[12] Ram, S. (2002). Encyclopaedia of Afghanistan: Taliban and Muslim fundamentalism. Anmol Publications. p. 45. ISBN 978-81-261-1114-5. The Akhund of Swat was probably a Gujar rather than a Yusufzay, the tribe he belonged to from choice.

[:0-6] Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain M. (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. pp. 77–79. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7.

[7] *Ziad, Waleed (16 November 2021). Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus. Harvard University Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-674-24881-6. Later known as the Akhund of Swat, he was arguably the region's most beloved personality of the nineteenth century. Originally from a poor family of Gujjar pastoralists, at age eighteen he de-voted himself to religious studies.
Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain Mario (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7. Swat state's Akhund is said to be of Gujar origin from the village of Jabrai.

Edwards, David B. (2 October 1996). Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan Frontier. University of California Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-520-20063-0. Himself the son of a shepherd (some say from the Gujar tribe), the Akhund (born Abdul Ghafur) became a disciple of a local pir of the Qadiriya Sufi order named Sahibzada Muhammad Shwaib, who taught him the ritual formulae that are recited in the practice known as zikr.

Beattie, Dr Hugh; Beattie, Hugh (16 December 2013). Imperial Frontier: Tribe and State in Waziristan. Routledge. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-136-83957-3. On this frontier, for example, the Akhund of Swat was not a Pashtun (he may have been a Gujar) and the Hadda Mullah, who was a Pashtun, established himself in an area where he had no local connections (Roy 1996: 59, Ahmed 1976: 94, D.B. Edwardes 1986: 282).

Roy, Olivier (1990). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-521-39700-1. The Akhund of Swat¹ was probably a Gujar rather than a Yusufzay, the tribe he belonged to from choice.

[15] Inam-ur-Rahim; Viaro, Alain Mario (2002). Swat: An Afghan Society in Pakistan : Urbanisation and Change in Tribal Environment. City Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-969-8380-55-7. Swat state's Akhund is said to be of Gujar origin from the village of Jabrai.

[16] Edwards, David B. (2 October 1996). Heroes of the Age: Moral Fault Lines on the Afghan Frontier. University of California Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-520-20063-0. Himself the son of a shepherd (some say from the Gujar tribe), the Akhund (born Abdul Ghafur) became a disciple of a local pir of the Qadiriya Sufi order named Sahibzada Muhammad Shwaib, who taught him the ritual formulae that are recited in the practice known as zikr.

[17] Beattie, Dr Hugh; Beattie, Hugh (16 December 2013). Imperial Frontier: Tribe and State in Waziristan. Routledge. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-136-83957-3. On this frontier, for example, the Akhund of Swat was not a Pashtun (he may have been a Gujar) and the Hadda Mullah, who was a Pashtun, established himself in an area where he had no local connections (Roy 1996: 59, Ahmed 1976: 94, D.B. Edwardes 1986: 282).

[18] Roy, Olivier (1990). Islam and Resistance in Afghanistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-521-39700-1. The Akhund of Swat¹ was probably a Gujar rather than a Yusufzay, the tribe he belonged to from choice.

[Haroon22-8] Haroon, Sana (2011). Frontier of Faith: Islam, in the Indo-Afghan Borderland. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1849041836.

[Haroon-9] Haroon, Sana (2011). Frontier of Faith: Islam, in the Indo-Afghan Borderland. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1849041836.

[10] Miangul Adnan Aurangzeb, "Flashback, The Wali of Swat", The Express Tribune, 4 August 2014, at tribune.com.pk, accessed 1 November 2020

[11] Wayne Ayres Wilcox, Pakistan: The Consolidation of a Nation (Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-02589-8), p. 82

[12] Bangash, Yaqoob Khan (22 July 2018). "Glorious past of Swat State". thenews.com. The News. Retrieved 13 May 2025.

[13] Khan, Talimand (28 December 2017). "Centennial of the Swat state". dailytimes.com.pk. Daily Times. Retrieved 13 May 2025.

[JAF-14] Kazim, Syeda Shehrbano (23 March 2016). "Remembering the Swat princely state as it was". dawn.com. DAWN. Retrieved 13 May 2025.

[EID-15] Ahmed, Syed Shujaat (14 July 2018). "Addressing the gaps in Swat's economic plans". dailytimes.com. Daily Times. Retrieved 13 May 2025.

[16] "Akhund Abdul Ghaffur of Swat" (PDF). philaletheians.co.uk. Philaletheians. Retrieved 13 May 2025.

[17] "Akhund Abdul Ghaffur of Swat". swatencyclopedia.com. Swat Encyclopedia. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2025.

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