Slovak Air Force

Slovak Air Force
Vzdušné sily Ozbrojených síl Slovenskej republiky
Emblem of the Slovak Air Force
Founded1 January 1993 (1993-01-01)
Country Slovak Republic
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare
Size
  • Approx 3,200 personnel
  • 29 aircraft
  • 13 helicopters
Part ofSlovak Armed Forces
Garrison/HQZvolen
Commanders
Air Force CommanderMajor General Róbert Tóth[1]
Insignia
Roundel
Aircraft flown
FighterF-16V Block 70
HelicopterMil Mi-17, UH-60M
ReconnaissanceL-410UVP-E
TrainerAero L-39
TransportC-27J, Let L-410

The Slovak Air Force, known since 2002 as the Air Force of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (Slovak: Vzdušné sily Ozbrojených síl Slovenskej republiky), is the aviation and air defense branch of the Slovak Armed Forces. Operating 29 aircraft and 13 helicopters from three air bases : Malacky–Kuchyňa, Sliač, Prešov. It succeeded the Czechoslovak Air Force together with the Czech Air Force in 1993. The Slovak Air Force is part of NATO Integrated Air Defense System – NATINADS.[2][3][4][5][6]

The Slovak Air Force is tasked with the defense of the sovereignty of Slovakia and the support of the nation's ground troops.[7] Following the retirement of the Mikoyan MiG-29 in 2022, 10 F-16V and 9 L-39 Albatros provide the fast-jet capability role to the air force, awaiting the arrival of the final 4 F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft in 2027/2028. 6 Let L-410 Turbolet aircraft provide surveillance and transport capabilities, while 2 C-27J Spartan transport aircraft provide a light tactical airlift capability. The helicopter fleet consists of 4 Mil Mi-17 which are gradually being replaced by much newer UH-60 Black Hawks.

The Slovak Air Force has been under the command of Major General Róbert Tóth since January 1, 2021.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

History

1914–1918

Many Slovak pilots served in Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops or in Entente air forces. Some Slovak pilots as part of Czechoslovak Legionnaires served even in the French Air Force or the Imperial Russian Air Service.[14]

Jozef Kiss and Fritz Wowy were two of the best Slovak pilots in World War I.[15]

1918–1939

Main article: Czechoslovak Air Force
See also: Czechoslovakia

Much of Austria-Hungary's manufacturing companies were Czech, therefore Czechoslovakia could quickly develop an aircraft industry. As the industry developed, it designed more aircraft and engines of its own. Czechoslovak aircraft builders included Aero, Avia, Beneš-Mráz, Letov, Praga, Tatra and Zlín. Engine makers included ČKD, Walter and Škoda.

1939–1945

Main article: Slovak Air Force (1939–1945)
See also: Slovak Republic (1939–1945)

After the division of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany in 1939, Slovakia was left with a small air force composed primarily of Czechoslovak combat aircraft. This force defended Slovakia against Hungary in 1939, and took part in the invasion of Poland in support of Germany. During World War II, the Slovak Air force was tasked with the defense of Slovak airspace, and, after the invasion of Russia, provided air cover for Slovak forces fighting against the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front. While engaged on the Eastern Front, Slovakia's obsolete biplanes were replaced with German combat aircraft, including the Messerschmitt Bf 109. The air force was sent back to Slovakia after combat fatigue and desertion had reduced the pilots' effectiveness. Slovak air units took part in the Slovak National Uprising against Germany from late August 1944.[16][17][18]

1945–1992

Main article: Czechoslovak Air Force

During this time Czechoslovakia was a member of the Eastern Bloc, allied with the Soviet Union, and from 1955 a member of the Warsaw Pact. Because of this, the Czechoslovak Air Force used Soviet aircraft, doctrines, and tactics. The types of aircraft were mostly MiGs. MiG-15, MiG-19, and MiG-21F fighters were produced in license; in the 1970s, MiG-23MF were bought, accompanied by MiG-23ML and MiG-29s in the 1980s.

During the 1980s and early 1990s, the Czechoslovak Air Force consisted of the 7th Air Army, which had air defense duties, and the 10th Air Army, responsible for ground forces support.[19] The 7th Air Army had two air divisions and three fighter regiments, and the 10th Air Army had two air divisions and a total of six regiments of fighters and attack aircraft. There were also two reconnaissance regiments, two transport regiments, three training regiments, and two helicopter regiments.

In November 1989 Communism fell across Czechoslovakia. The two parliaments of the two new states from 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, decided how to split the assets of the former air force.

1993–present

After the formal dissolution of Czechoslovakia on January 1, 1993, Czechoslovak aircraft were divided according to each nation's population, in a ratio of nearly 2:1 in the Czech Republic's favor.[20] The exceptions to this rule were the MiG-23's, which were given exclusively to the Czech Air Force, and the MiG-29's, which were divided evenly between the two nations.[21] Slovak bases were initially under-equipped to handle the aircraft transferred from the Czech bases, and required considerable improvements in infrastructure to facilitate the new air force.

Following the division of aircraft, on March 1, 1995, the air force replaced the Soviet style aviation regiment organization with the western wing and squadron system.[22] Then around 2000–2002, Slovakia started to gradually retire many of the older aircraft, including their entire fleet of Su-22, Su-25, and MiG-21.[23] This was followed by the disbanding of the national aerobatic demonstration team, the Biele Albatrosy, and the flight training academy, both which were based in Košice.[24][25] A tragic crash in 2006 involving an Antonov An-24 became the worst aviation accident in Slovakia's history, with only 1 out of the 43 people on board surviving. As part of it's gradual retirement of Soviet aircraft, all of the remaining Mil Mi-24 attack helicopters were retired on September 20, 2011.[26][27][28][29]

Modernization efforts began in October 2014, when the government approved the purchase of 2 tactical transport aircraft, the Alenia C-27J Spartan. Slovakia was one of the few countries in eastern Europe that decided to keep it's MiG-29's in service, but in January 2014, Slovakia started discussions with the Swedish Government regarding leasing or purchasing JAS-39 Gripen aircraft to replace their MiG-29 fighters.[30][31] However, these negotiations didn't lead anywhere and Slovakia decided to keep the MiG-29s in service until 2022. In April of 2015, the Slovak government announced it would buy nine UH-60M utility helicopters to replace its aging fleet of Mi-17 helicopters. The deal worth $261 million also included full life-cycle support for the aircraft and training for aircrews and ground personnel.[32]

One of the most significant milestones in the modernization of the Air Force was achieved on December 12, 2018, when Slovakia signed a contract to acquire 14 F-16V/Block 70 with additional equipment. Originally, all were to be delivered by 2025, but due to delays and the COVID-19 pandemic deliveries began years later.[33] The first completed jet was unveiled by the manufacturer on 7 September 2023,[34] and first two aircraft were delivered to Slovakia on 22 July 2024.[35] The last aircraft was handed over to Slovak pilots in the United States in April 2026 and it along with the other 3 aircraft still in the U.S. are expected to arrive once their training is complete in 2027.[36]

After the Russian invasion of Ukraine In 2022, Slovakia donated its S-300PMU air defence system alongside one Mil Mi-2 and 4 Mil Mi-17 helicopters to Ukraine as aid.[37] Then in April, Slovakia began negotiating with Baykar about the procurement of Bayraktar TB2. These negotiations been never formally ended.[38][39][40]

Modernization of the country's air defence began on October 13, 2022, when Slovakia joined European Sky Shield Initiative to strengthen future air defense procurement. In September of the following year, Slovakia started the acquisition of medium and short range air defence missile systems (SHORAD/MRAD) with budget of 200 million Euros. The acquisition of these systems was part of first stage out of three stages. Among the medium-range systems, Slovakia was choosing from the Barak 8, SPYDER, IRIS-T and MICA.[41][42][43] From short-range systems Slovakia was choosing between Piorun, RBS 70, Mistral 3 and KP-SAM Chiron.[44] [45][46] On February 7, 2024 Slovakia was comparing NASAMS, IRIS-T, KM-SAM with the winners of the past tender Barak 8.[47] A few months later in August, the Slovak government approved plans to buy six Barak MX batteries from Israel.[48][49] There are speculations that 2 additional batteries could be ordered as well.

Talks and negotiations with the United States surrounding the purchase of 4 more F-16s began in February 2026.[50] 2 of these would be F-16C and the other 2 would be 2 F-16D.[51] In the transport department, the Slovak Air Force already has six Czech-made L-410 light aircraft, with four of them being the relatively new L-410UVP-E20 version, in addition to two twin-engine turboprop C-27J Spartan transport aircraft. These aircraft will be retired or offered either for sale or exchange. The Ministry of Defense of the Slovak Republic proposes the procurement of a new type of 2 twin-engine jets to replace the L-410, and the purchase of four Brazilian Embraer C-390 Millennium is also expected.[52]

Slovak aid to Ukraine

Following a request for military aid by Ukraine, the Slovak Air Force provided a number of aircraft and equipment as aid. In April 2022, this included the donation of a Soviet era S-300PMU air defence battery, in addition to 4 Mil Mi-17 and one Mil Mi-2 helicopters, through the European Peace Facility.[53][54][55] On 31 August 2022, the Soviet origin MiG-29s operated by the Slovak Air Force were retired.[56] An agreement with fellow NATO members Poland and the Czech Republic was signed in order to establish joint patrols of airspace, until the delivery of American F-16s to the Slovak Air Force in 2024.[57][58]

Slovak Air Defence aid to Ukraine

On 17 March 2023, after officially retiring the MiG-29 fighters from active service, the Slovak government approved sending 13 Mikoyan MiG-29 jet fighters to Ukraine and one MiG-29UBS to Military History Museum Piešťany.[59][60] 9 MiG-29AS, 1 MiG-29UBS, 2 MiG-29A and 1 MiG-29UB were sent to Ukraine. 3 of those fighters were missing engines and were intended to serve as a source of spare parts. Ukrainian pilots flew four MiG-29 jet fighters from Slovakia to Ukraine on 23 March in 2023, with the remaining 9 sent at a later date.[61] The military aid included 2 KUB missile launchers, radar, spare parts, 52 3M9ME missiles and 148 3M9ME missiles.[62]

After Slovakia gifted its S-300 missile system, Germany, the Netherlands and the United States deployed their MIM-104 Patriot systems to cover country's air defense needs.[63][64]

Foreign aid for the Slovak air force

As a compensation for the aid provided, Slovakia received 200 million EUR for the MiG-29 package and 50 million EUR for the KUB package, both from the European Peace Facility fund. The US offered aid in the form of approximately 66% discount on a package including 12 unused AH-1Z, training, related equipment and 500 Hellfire II missiles. The total value of the package is estimated at 1 billion USD, with 660 million USD paid by the US FMF. If the Slovak government accepted the offer, the remaining value of the package, in the amount of 340 million USD, was to be paid by the Slovak government in 3–4 years. The total value of the compensation from both the EU and US is approximately 900 million USD per statement from Ministry of Defence of Slovak Republic. The AH-1Z offer was also provided as a compensation in the context of the delays to Slovak F-16C/D delivery. The Slovak government was expected to make a decision on the AH-1Z offer early into the year 2024. The signing of the deal was threatened due to the change in government after the elections.[65][66][67]

Investigation into Russian sabotage of Slovak MiG-29

Chief of the General Staff of the Slovak armed forces General Daniel Zmeko was critical of the Slovak MiG-29 jet fighters in the last years. Problems with spare parts and maintenance, which was outsourced to Russia and resulted in four air frames being airworthy on average, while still plagued by a high failure rate occurring every 43 minutes on average, lack of munitions, no modernization since 1996 and lack of pilots for the old fighter jets.[62][68]

Russian technicians were suspected of sabotage, as per statement from the Minister of Defense Jaroslav Naď. Due to unusual failures occurring on parts serviced only by Russian personnel, as well as other issues with spare parts, a criminal investigation was launched. While the police couldn't prove Russia did it on purpose, the findings were enough for the Slovak Army to lose their trust in Russian maintenance crews.[69] The deal with Russia for servicing the jet fighters resulted in a cost of 70,000 EUR per flight hour, higher than the cost of the state of the art 5th generation F-35 Lightning II jet fighter.[70]

Organization

Slovak Air Force locations 2024:
Air bases: Fighters Helicopters Transport planes
Other units: Air Defense Air Operations Center Radar stations
  • Air Force Command, in Zvolen[71]
    • 2nd Air Force Brigade, in Zvolen
      • Air Operations Center, in Zvolen (part of NATO's NATO Integrated Air Defense System)
      • Radar Surveillance Battalion, in Zvolen (6× EL/M-2084M-MMR, 5× ELM-2084S-MMR/GBAD, 6× ELM-2138M MC radars)[72]
        • Command and Support Company, in Zvolen
        • 1st Radar Surveillance Company, in Michalovce
        • 2nd Radar Surveillance Company, in Veľká Ida
        • 3rd Radar Surveillance Company, in Ožďany
        • 4th Radar Surveillance Company, in Močiar
        • 5th Radar Surveillance Company, in Hlohovec
        • 6th Radar Surveillance Company, in Mierovo
        • 7th Radar Engineering Company, in Prešov
        • 8th Radar Engineering Company, in Voderady
      • Air Force Command Support Company
      • Medical Point
    • 11th Air Force Brigade, in Nitra
      • 1st Anti-aircraft Missile Group
        • 2× batteries, with MANTIS systems
      • 2nd Anti-aircraft Missile Group
      • "Igla" Anti-aircraft Battery, with 54× 9K38 Igla MANPADs
      • Logistic Battalion
      • Maintenance Unit, in Viničné
      • Operating Unit, on Mount Kolíňanský
      • Medical Point
    • 46th Wing, at Malacky Air Base
    • 51st Wing, at Prešov Air Base
      • 1st Helicopter Squadron, with 9× UH-60M[73] (2 UH-60M are on order)[74][75][76]
      • 2nd Helicopter Squadron, with 2× Mi-17M, 2× Mi-17LPZS[77] (will likely be replaced by 12× UH-60L that were ordered)
      • Flight Operations Security Battalion
      • Air Traffic Control Squadron
      • Maintenance Squadron
      • Medical Point
    • 81st Wing, at Sliač Air Base
      • 1st Tactical Squadron, with 12× F-16C Block 70, 2× F-16D Block 70
      • 2nd Tactical Squadron, with 4× L-39CM, 2× L-39ZAM[78]
      • Support Battalion
      • Flight Operations Security Battalion
      • Air Traffic Control Squadron
      • Maintenance Squadron
      • Medical Point

81st Wing "Sliač Air Base"

The 81st Wing Air Base should function as standard base for all fighter aircraft as well as trainer aircraft of Slovak Air Force. But because of reconstruction of the base, all aircraft were relocated to 46th Wing. After the reconstruction of the base is completed, it will again host fighter and trainer jets such as the F-16 Block 70 and the Aero L-39.

46th Wing "Dopravné krídlo Milana Rastislava Štefánika"

At the moment, the 46th Wing is the only active air base of Slovak Air Force that is able to host fighter jets as well as subsonic aircraft. However, it is meant to be the home for all transport aircraft such as the Alenia C-27J Spartan and the Let L-410 Turbolet.[79]

51st Wing "Prešov Air Base"

The 51st Wing is the home base for all helicopters of Slovak Air Force, which also includes a helicopter repair company. The air base operates 13 helicopters, 4 Mil Mi-17 and 9 Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawks.[80]

2nd Air Force Brigade

The 2nd Zvolen Air Force Brigade is the Air Force Brigade of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic based in Zvolen. The brigade is a part of the NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defense System (NATINADS).[81]

Tasks
  • Performance of Air Policing tasks within NATINAMDS;
  • Implementation of active command and control of the Air Force of the Slovak Armed Forces;
  • Collection, processing, and distribution of information for the needs of the Air Force Command and higher levels of NATO.

11th Air Force Brigade

The 11th Air Force Brigade is in charge of protecting military objects, critical infrastructure and civilian objects.

Anti-air defense systems it fields :

Aircraft

Current inventory

Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat aircraft
F-16V Viper United States Multirole F-16C
F-16D 		9[82]
1 		4 on order. 4 more could be ordered later.
Transport
Alenia C-27J Italy Transport 2[83]
L-410 Turbolet Czech Republic Transport L-410UVP-E 6[83] One used for reconnaissance
Bombardier Global 5000 Canada Business jet / Medevac[84] G5000 2[85] Used for medevac.[86]
Helicopters
Mil Mi-17 Soviet Union Utility
Search and rescue 		Mi-17M
Mi-17 LPZS 		2
2 		-
UH-60 Black Hawk United States Utility UH-60M
UH-60L 		9[83]
0/12 		2 UH-60M on order.[74][75][76]
12 UH-60L on order.[87]
Trainer aircraft
Aero L-39 Czech Republic Jet trainer/Light attack L-39CM
L-39ZAM 		6
3 		L-39CM - trainer
L-39ZAM - light attack
UAVs
Elbit Skylark Israel UAV I-LEX 5[88] Assigned to 5th Regiment.

Note: Five Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawks are available through the Alliance Ground Surveillance (AGS) program based in Italy.[89]

Aircraft armament

Name Origin Type Notes
Air-to-air missile
AIM-120 AMRAAM United States Beyond-visual-range missile 28 missiles were bought.[90][91]
AIM-9 Sidewinder United States Air-to-air missile 100 missiles were bought.[91]
LAU-127 United States Missile rail launcher 60 launchers were bought[90]
R-60 Soviet Union Air-to-air missile Unknown number in storage[92]
Rocket
S-5 rocket Soviet Union Unguided missile Used by Mil Mi-17.[93]
Rotary cannons and Autocannons
M61 Vulcan United States Rotary cannon 15 bought for F-16 Fighting Falcon.[90]
GSh-23L Soviet Union Autocannon Mounted on Aero L-39/ZAM .[94]
Machine guns
M240H United States Machine guns [95]
General-purpose bomb
Mark 82 United States Unguided bomb 324 bombs bought for F-16 Fighting Falcon.[90]
JDAM United States Precision-guided munition 150 kits bought for F-16 Fighting Falcon.[90]
GBU-12 Paveway II United States Precision-guided munition 212 bombs bought for F-16 Fighting Falcon.[90][91]
GBU-49 United States Precision-guided munition 20 bombs bought for F-16 Fighting Falcon.[96]

Retired aircraft

Previous aircraft operated include the MiG-21, MiG-29, Sukhoi Su-22, Sukhoi Su-25, Aero L-29, Antonov An-12, Antonov An-24, Antonov An-26, Mil Mi-2, and the Mil Mi-24 helicopters.[97][98]

Air defense

Name Origin Type In service Notes
SAM
Barak MX Israel HIMAD 1

battery

5 more batteries on order, 18 launchers total with missiles of 45 km, 75 km and 150 km range. The delivery is late because of the 2026 Iran war.[48][99] 2 more batteries could be ordered later.
2K12 Kub M2 Soviet Union SHORAD 3 batteries Tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system.[100] Two launchers with additional equipment were donated to Ukraine in 2022.[62] 3 and a half batteries are in a operational state as of 2026.[101]
MANTIS Germany VSHORAD 2 batteries 2 systems donated by Germany[102], delivered to the 11th Air Force Brigade. They are guarding the western border of Slovakia.[103]
9K38 Igla Soviet Union MANPADS 54 Portable infrared homing S-to-A missile system. To be replaced.

Radars

The Air Force has several types of radars under its command, including 17 Israeli EL/M-2084[104] in various medium and short range variants. The Air Force also operates 5 long-range LÜR surveillance radars from Germany, a few units of the VERA passive radar and also the 1S91 radar from the Kub system.[105]

Ranks

Commissioned officer ranks

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1
Slovak Air Force[106]
Generál Generálporučík[a] Generálmajor Brigádny generál Plukovník Podplukovník Major Kapitán Nadporučík Poručík

Other ranks

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
Slovak Air Force[106]
Štábny nadrotmajster Nadrotmajster Rotmajster Rotný Čatár Desiatnik Slobodník Vojak 2. stupňa Vojak 1. stupňa

Aircraft markings

The Slovak aircraft marking is a set made of shield with national cross on three hills which point towards the belly of aircraft. They are the same color as the Slovak flag, red, white, and blue. It appears on the side of helicopters and on both sides of the wings and tail of aircraft. New F-16 Fighting Falcon fighter aircraft wear a NATO standard compliant grey-on-grey (low-visibility) version of the Slovak Air Force insignia.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The appropriate branch of service badge is pinned just under the top button of the for all ranks excluding full General.

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