Shimon Slavin

Professor
Shimon Slavin
Born (1941-05-17) May 17, 1941
Tel Aviv, Israel
EducationHebrew University of Jerusalem

Stanford University School of Medicine

Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
OccupationsMedical Director of Biotherapy International, The Center for Innovative Cancer Biotherapy & Regenerative Medicine, medical director at Superinfection
Medical career
ProfessionCancer immunotherapy, clinical immunology, regenerative medicine
Sub-specialtiesInternal medicine, clinical immunology and allergy

Shimon Slavin (Hebrew: שמעון סלוין; born 17 May 1941) is an Israeli physician. He served as the head of bone-marrow transplantation at Hadassah Medical Center until his retirement in 2007. He later started International Center for Cellular Medicine and Cancer Immunotherapy, a private clinic in Tel Aviv, Israel, which was ordered to shut down by the Israeli Ministry of Health in 2016. The ministry suspended his medical license the next year in 2017.[1]

Education

Slavin graduated from the School of Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and was awarded his medical degree in 1967. He served as a doctor in the Frogman Unit of the Israeli Navy until 1970. From 1970 to 1975, he trained at the Department of Internal Medicine at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Slavin trained in clinical immunology and rheumatology at Stanford University School of Medicine from 1975 to 1978; by the end of the period, he also received training in clinical bone marrow transplantation.[2] He opened the first Bone Marrow Transplantation Center after returning to Jerusalem, located at the Hadassah University Hospital; it is currently named Israel's National Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy Center.[3]

Research

Slavin and colleagues introduced the concept of cancer immunotherapy using donor lymphocytes infusion (DLI) for the treatment and prevention of recurrent disease.[4][5] He also researched the use of adaptive allogeneic cell-mediated immunotherapy and cytokine-activated lymphocytes for both treating and preventing relapse following allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.[6]

These research supported therapeutic benefits of cell therapy and led to the development of new concepts for treating hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.[7] The research's approach is associated with reduced side-effects, such as lower procedure-related toxicity and mortality,[8] while eliminating malignant cells selectively.

Treatment of cancer

Treatment of cancer focuses on a two-step approach: tumor debulking using conventional and innovative modalities, followed by immunotherapy of minimal residual disease. The use of reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) or non-myeloablative stem cell transplantation (NST) enabled safer curative stem cell transplantation for patients of all age groups, under some health conditions traditionally considered to be unfit for standard myeloablative stem cell transplantation.[9][10]

Baxter International established Slavin’s research center with its headquarter in Chicago, Illinois.[11] Slavin served as its founder and director from 1994 to 2007.

Slavin and his team completed the first gene therapy for the treatment of bubble baby born with adenosine deaminase deficiency in 2002.[12] The treated infant has remained healthy for more than 16 years without further treatment.[13] The same procedure was successfully used by the Milan team to treat and successfully curing many additional patients.[14][15]

More recently, Slavin focused his research on personalized anti-cancer immunotherapy, focusing on the use of activated donor lymphocytes targeted against cancer with monoclonal and bispecific antibodies.[16][17][18] Cell-mediated immunotherapy saw application in cases of cancers resistant to traditional treatment, such as triple negative breast cancer.[19]

Monoclonal antibodies anti-CD52 (Alemtuzumab, marketed as Lemtrada) are used for prevention of graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), a serious complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. It was later also certified for the treatment of CLL[20] and multiple sclerosis.[21] Later, Slavin introduced the concept of post-transplant depletion of host-vs-graft and graft-vs-host reactive lymphocytes with induction of bilateral transplantation tolerance.[22][23] These discoveries made it possible to extend the use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation using haploidentical donors instead of fully matched donors for safer allogeneic stem cell transplantation for every patient in need with hematological malignancies and solid tumors as well as for induction of transplantation tolerance to organ allografts.[24][25] In parallel, Slavin introduced new approaches for treatment of life-threatening autoimmune diseases based on either autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation[26][27] or more recently using multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for regulation of the inflammatory anti-self reactivity in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders focusing on multiple sclerosis.[28]

Based on the cumulative experience using cell therapy, in recent years, Slavin and his team also focused on using multi-potential bone marrow, adipose tissue, or placenta & cord tissue-derived MSCs for regenerative medicine, pioneering the use of MSCs for the treatment of orthopedic indications including cartilage repair and new bone formation[29][30] as well as for repair of renal function[31] in addition to continuous treatment of neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative disorders and traumatic neurological disorders.

Slavin's primary research and clinically applied discoveries were represented in over 600 published articles and more than 900 national and international scientific presentations, resulting in global impact in several disciplines mostly related to cellular therapy for treating malignant and nonmalignant disorders. Immunotherapy of cancer by donor lymphocytes made it possible to treat otherwise resistant hematological malignancies[7] and specific metastatic solid tumors[32] in patients with multidrug-resistant cancer.

The unique efficacy of intentionally mismatched donor lymphocytes using killer cells activated before and following cell infusion was translated into a new paradigm for cellular therapy of cancer based on the use of the transient circulation of non-engrafting donor lymphocytes targeted against minimal residual disease as a new approach for the potential cure of cancer at an early stage of the disease.[16]

Introducing NST and RIC made it possible to provide curative stem cell transplantation for a large number of patients in need with no lower or upper age group, including patients in poor performance status. Still, it would not be otherwise candidates for conventional myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation.[8] Using NST and RIC provided a safe approach for transplantation of patient's susceptible to conventional cytoreductive conditioning including older patients,[33][34] patients with Fanconi's anemia[35][36] and chronic granulomatous disease.[37]

Later on, introducing the concept of post-transplant deletion of alloreactive lymphocytes by cyclophosphamide by Slavin's team[38] made it possible to provide a relatively safe and non-expensive transplant procedure for patients with no matched donor available using a haploidentical family member.[39]

Slavin applied the same principle for successful induction of transplantation tolerance to organ allografts pioneered successfully for the first recipient of kidney allograft[40] alive and well >10 years out. Observations by Slavin's team indicating that re-induction of self-tolerance could be induced by lymphoablative treatment followed by autologous stem cell transplantation provided the rationale for the use of a similar approach for successful treatment of patients with life-threatening autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis[41][42] and systemic lupus erythematosus.[43]

In 1977, Slavin discovered the first animal model of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma (BCL1), which provided an opportunity to understand better the biology of B cells[44] and to develop new therapeutic strategies based on the preclinical animal model.[45]

Together with Dr. Herman Waldmann, Slavin was the first to introduce the use of an anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody (CAMPATH-1; Alemtuzumab and currently Lemtrada) that was initially used by Slavin for prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)[46] and subsequently by others for prevention[47] and treatment of allograft rejection[48] and subsequently approved by FDA for treatment of multiple sclerosis.[49]

Slavin's initial success applying bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders, together with Professor Karussis, provided the rationale for using in vitro differentiated MSCs[50] and possibly for future application of secretory products of MSCs, such as extracellular vesicles and exosomes.[51]

Bibliography

  • Bone Marrow and Organ Transplantation: Achievements and Goals. Elsevier. 1984. ISBN 9780444805560.
  • Tolerance in Bone Marrow and Organ Transplantation: Achievements and Goals. Elsevier. 1985. ISBN 9780444805577.
  • The Radiological Accident in Soreq. International Atomic Energy Agency. 1993. ISBN 9789201016935.
  • Non-myeloablative Stem Cell Transplantation (NST). New Frontiers in Cancer Therapy. Darwin Scientific Publishing Ltd. 2000. ISBN 9781903557006.

Personal life

Shimon Slavin was born in Tel Aviv in 1941, but lived in Jerusalem between 1946 and 2007. He is married and has three children.

References

  1. ^ "Ex-Hadassah head of bone-marrow transplants loses license for 6 months | The Jerusalem Post". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 2017-06-19. Retrieved 2026-03-09. The Health Ministry suspended for at least six months the license of Prof. Shimon Slavin, the much-celebratad former head of bone-marrow transplantation at Hadassah University Medical Center, who retired in 2007 and set up a private clinic in Tel Aviv. [...] Last year, the ministry ordered the closure of the International Center for Cellular Medicine and Cancer Immunotherapy, a private medical institution in Tel Aviv's Palace Tower run by Slavin. The ministry's Tel Aviv District health officer, Dr. Rivka Sheffer, wrote to Slavin with copies to the Israel Police, the ministry's director-general, its legal adviser and other officials, that what was going on in Slavin's clinic "was not for the good of the health of patients there."
  2. ^ "Israeli cell therapy tricks immune system into fighting cancer". 2004-08-08. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  3. ^ "Opening a door to regenerative medicine". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  4. ^ Slavin S, Naparstek E, Nagler A, Ackerstein A, Kapelushnik J, Or R (Dec 1995). "Allogeneic cell therapy for relapsed leukemia after bone marrow transplantation with donor peripheral blood lymphocytes". Experimental Hematology. 23 (14): 1553–62. PMID 8542946.
  5. ^ Naparstek E, Or R, Nagler A, Cividalli G, Engelhard D, Aker M, Gimon Z, Manny N, Sacks T, Tochner Z, Weiss L, Samuel S, Brautbar C, Hale G, Waldmann H, Steinberg SM, SLAVIN S (March 1995). "T-cell-depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for acute leukaemia using Campath-1 antibodies and post-transplant administration of donor's peripheral blood lymphocytes for prevention of relapse". British Journal of Haematology. 89 (3): 506–515. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb08356.x. PMID 7734348. S2CID 23981575.
  6. ^ Slavin S, Naparstek E, Nagler A, Ackerstein A, Samuel S, Kapelushnik J, Brautbar C, Or R (Mar 1996). "Allogeneic cell therapy with donor peripheral blood cells and recombinant human interleukin-2 to treat leukemia relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation". Blood. 87 (6): 2195–2204. doi:10.1182/blood.V87.6.2195.bloodjournal8762195. PMID 8630379.
  7. ^ a b Slavin S (August 2001). "Immunotherapy of cancer with alloreactive lymphocytes". The Lancet Oncology. 2 (8): 491–498. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(01)00455-7. PMID 11905725.
  8. ^ a b Slavin S (Jul 2004). "Smarter rather than stronger treatment of hematological malignancies and non-malignant indications for stem-cell transplantation". The Lancet. 2 (8): 122–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16652-X. PMID 15246713. S2CID 40166296.
  9. ^ Slavin S, Napier A, Naparstek E, Kapelushnik J et al., Nonmyeloablative conditioning in preparation for allogeneic stem cell transplantation: the future treatment of choice of hematologic malignancies and genetic diseases, ResearchGate
  10. ^ Slavin S, Nagler A, Naparstek E, Kapelushnik Y, Aker M, Cividalli G, Varadi G, Kirschbaum M, Ackerstein A, Samuel S, Amar A, Brautbar C, Ben-Tal O, Eldor A, Or R (Feb 1998). "Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation and cell therapy as an alternative to conventional bone marrow transplantation with lethal cytoreduction for the treatment of malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases". Blood. 91 (3): 756–763. doi:10.1182/blood.V91.3.756. PMID 9446633.
  11. ^ Danny Cunniff Leukemia Research Laboratory Archived 2019-04-24 at the Wayback Machine, Hadassah Medical Center.
  12. ^ Siegel-Itzkovich J (6 July 2002). "Scientists use gene therapy to cure immune deficient child". BMJ. 325 (7354): 10. doi:10.1136/bmj.325.7354.10. PMC 1123542.
  13. ^ Aiuti A, Slavin S, Aker M, Ficara F, Deola S, Mortellaro A, Morecki S, Andolfi G, Tabucchi A, Carlucci F, Marinello E, Cattaneo F, Vai S, Servida P, Miniero R, Roncarolo MG, Bordignon C (28 June 2002). "Correction of ADA-SCID by stem cell gene therapy combined with nonmyeloablative conditioning". Science. 296 (5577): 2410–2413. Bibcode:2002Sci...296.2410A. doi:10.1126/science.1070104. PMID 12089448. S2CID 32435671.
  14. ^ Aiuti A, Cattaneo F, Galimberti S, Benninghoff U, Cassani B, et al. (Jan 2009). "Gene therapy for immunodeficiency due to adenosine deaminase deficiency". N Engl J Med. 360 (5): 447–458. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805817. PMID 19179314.
  15. ^ Kohn DB, Hershfield MS, Puck JM, Aiuti A, Blincoe A, Gaspar HB, Notarangelo LD, Grunebaum E (Mar 2019). "Consensus approach for the management of severe combined immune deficiency caused by adenosine deaminase deficiency". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 142 (3): 852–863. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2018.08.024. PMC 6688493. PMID 30194989.
  16. ^ a b Slavin S, Ackerstein A, Or R, Shapira MY, Gesundheit B, Askenasy N, Morecki S (October 2010). "Immunotherapy in high-risk chemotherapy-resistant patients with metastatic solid tumors and hematological malignancies using intentionally mismatched donor lymphocytes activated with rIL-2: a phase I study". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy. 59 (10): 1511–1519. doi:10.1007/s00262-010-0878-1. PMC 11031035. PMID 20563804. S2CID 23443095.
  17. ^ Morecki S, Lindhofer H, Yacovlev E, Gelfand Y, Slavin S (Feb 2006). "Use of trifunctional bispecific antibodies to prevent graft versus host disease induced by allogeneic lymphocytes". Blood. 107 (4): 1564–1569. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-07-2738. PMID 16234351.
  18. ^ Morecki S, Lindhofer H, Yacovlev E, Gelfand Y, Ruf P, Slavin S (Aug 2008). "Induction of long-lasting antitumor immunity by concomitant cell therapy with allogeneic lymphocytes and trifunctional bispecific antibody". Experimental Hematology. 36 (8): 997–1003. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2008.03.005. PMID 18495330.
  19. ^ Triple Negative Breast Cancer: a Highly Significant Finding, MossReports
  20. ^ Fraser G, Smith CA, Imrie K, Meyer R (Jun 2007). "Alemtuzumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia". Curr Oncol. 14 (3): 96–109. doi:10.3747/co.2007.118. PMC 1899355. PMID 17593982.
  21. ^ FDA Approves Lemtrada™ (alemtuzumab) for Relapsing MS - UPDATE, National Multiple Sclerosis Society
  22. ^ Prigozhina TB, Gurevitch O, Zhu J, Slavin S (May 1997). "Permanent and specific transplantation tolerance induced by a nonmyeloablative treatment to a wide variety of allogeneic tissues: I. Induction of tolerance by a short course of total lymphoid irradiation and selective elimination of the donor-specific host lymphocytes". Transplantation. 63 (10): 1394–1399. doi:10.1097/00007890-199705270-00004. PMID 9175799.
  23. ^ Prigozhina TB, Gurevitch O, Slavin S (October 1999). "Nonmyeloablative conditioning to induce bilateral tolerance after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in mice". Experimental Hematology. 27 (10): 1503–1510. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(99)00088-0. PMID 10517491.
  24. ^ Prigozhina TB, Gurevitch O, Morecki S, Yakovlev E, Elkin G, Slavin S (Jan 2002). "Nonmyeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation as immunotherapy for hematologic malignancies and metastatic solid tumors in preclinical models". Experimental Hematology. 30 (1): 89–96. doi:10.1016/S0301-472X(01)00759-7. PMID 11823042.
  25. ^ Prigozhina TB, Elkin G, Khitrin S, Slavin S (Nov 2004). "Depletion of donor-reactive cells as a new concept for improvement of mismatched bone marrow engraftment using reduced-intensity conditioning". Experimental Hematology. 32 (11): 1110–1117. doi:10.1016/j.exphem.2004.07.017. PMID 15539090.
  26. ^ Slavin S (Jul 1993). "Depletion of donor-reactive cells as a new concept for improvement of mismatched bone marrow engraftment using reduced-intensity conditioning". Bone Marrow Transplantation. 12 (1): 85–8. PMID 8104072.
  27. ^ Karussis D, Slavin S (Aug 2004). "Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: experimental evidence to rethink the procedures". J Neurol Sci. 223 (1): 59–64. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2004.04.021. PMID 15261562. S2CID 23438663.
  28. ^ Karussis D, Karageorgiou C, Vaknin-Dembinsky A, Gowda-Kurkalli B, Gomori JM, Kassis I, Bulte JW, Petrou P, Ben-Hur T, Abramsky O, Slavin S (Feb 2011). "Safety and immunological effects of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". Arch Neurol. 67 (10): 1187–94. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.248. PMC 3036569. PMID 20937945.
  29. ^ Gurevitch O, Kurkalli BG, Prigozhina T, Kasir J, Gaft A, Slavin S (September 2003). "Reconstruction of cartilage, bone, and hematopoietic microenvironment with demineralized bone matrix and bone marrow cells". Stem Cells. 21 (5): 588–97. doi:10.1634/stemcells.21-5-588. PMID 12968113.
  30. ^ Kurkalli BG, Gurevitch O, Sosnik A, Cohn D, Slavin S (Mar 2010). "Repair of bone defect using bone marrow cells and demineralized bone matrix supplemented with polymeric materials". Curr Stem Cell Res Ther. 5 (1): 49–56. doi:10.2174/157488810790442831. hdl:11336/14218. PMID 19807659.
  31. ^ Ohtake T, Kobayashi S, Slavin S, et al. (Mar 2018). "Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Incubated in Vasculogenic Conditioning Medium Dramatically Improve Ischemia/Reperfusion Acute Kidney Injury in Mice". Cell Transplantation. 27 (3): 520–530. doi:10.1177/0963689717753186. PMC 6038042. PMID 29737200.
  32. ^ Childs R, Chernoff A, Contentin N, Bahceci E, Schrump D, Leitman S, Read EJ, Tisdale J, Dunbar C, Linehan WM, Young NS, Barrett AJ (Sep 2000). "Regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma after nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation". New England Journal of Medicine. 343 (11): 750–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM200009143431101. PMID 10984562.
  33. ^ Shapira MY, Or R, Resnick IB, Bitan M, Ackerstein A, Samuel S, Elad S, Zilberman I, Miron S, Slavin S (Sep 2003). "A new minimally ablative stem cell transplantation procedure in high-risk patients not eligible for nonmyeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation". Bone Marrow Transplant. 32 (6): 557–61. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1704190. PMID 12953126.
  34. ^ Shapira MY, Resnick IB, Bitan M, Ackerstein A, Samuel S, Elad S, Miron S, Zilberman I, Slavin S, Or R (Jul 2004). "Low transplant-related mortality with allogeneic stem cell transplantation in elderly patients". Bone Marrow Transplant. 34 (2): 155–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1704540. PMID 15235577.
  35. ^ Bitan M, Or R, Shapira MY, Aker M, Resnick IB, Ackerstein A, Samuel S, Elad S, Slavin S (Jul 2006). "Fludarabine-based reduced intensity conditioning for stem cell transplantation of Fanconi anemia patients from fully matched related and unrelated donors". Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 12 (7): 712–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2006.03.002. PMID 16785060.
  36. ^ Ayas M, Saber W, Davies SM, Harris RE, Hale GA, et al. (May 2013). "Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for fanconi anemia in patients with pretransplantation cytogenetic abnormalities, myelodysplastic syndrome, or acute leukemia". J Clin Oncol. 31 (13): 1669–76. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.45.9719. PMC 3635221. PMID 23547077.
  37. ^ Nagler A, Ackerstein A, Kapelushnik J, Or R, Naparstek E, Slavin S (Aug 1999). "Donor lymphocyte infusion post-non-myeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for chronic granulomatous disease". Bone Marrow Transplant. 24 (3): 339–42. doi:10.1038/sj.bmt.1701903. PMID 10455377.
  38. ^ Prigozhina TB, Gurevitch O, Zhu J, Slavin S (May 1997). "Permanent and specific transplantation tolerance induced by a nonmyeloablative treatment to a wide variety of allogeneic tissues: I. Induction of tolerance by a short course of total lymphoid irradiation and selective elimination of the donor-specific host lymphocytes". Transplantation. 63 (10): 1394–9. doi:10.1097/00007890-199705270-00004. PMID 9175799.
  39. ^ Granata A, Fürst S, Bramanti S, et al. (Mar 2019). "Peripheral blood stem cell for haploidentical transplantation with post-transplant high dose cyclophosphamide: detailed analysis of 181 consecutive patients". Bone Marrow Transplant. 54 (11): 1730–1737. doi:10.1038/s41409-019-0500-x. PMID 30890770.
  40. ^ Tangnararatchakit K, Tirapanich W, Anurathapan U, Tapaneya-Olarn W, Pakakasama S, Jootar S, Slavin S, Hongeng S (May 2012). "Depletion of alloreactive T cells for tolerance induction in a recipient of kidney and hematopoietic stem cell transplantations". Pediatr Transplant. 16 (8): E342–E347. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3046.2012.01701.x. PMID 22553996. S2CID 11281960.
  41. ^ Burt RK, Slavin S, Burns WH, Marmont AM (Aug 2002). "Induction of tolerance in autoimmune diseases by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: getting closer to a cure?". Int J Hematol. 1: 226–47. doi:10.1007/bf03165251. PMID 12430858. S2CID 33358121.
  42. ^ Burt RK, Cohen B, Rose J, Petersen F, et al. (Jun 2005). "Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis". Arch Neurol. 62 (6): 860–4. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.6.860. hdl:1765/63790. PMID 15956156.
  43. ^ Burt RK, Han X, Gozdziak P, Yaung K, et al. (Jun 2018). "Five year follow-up after autologous peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory, chronic, corticosteroid-dependent systemic lupus erythematosus: effect of conditioning regimen on the outcome". Bone Marrow Transplant. 53 (6): 692–700. doi:10.1038/s41409-018-0173-x. PMID 29855561.
  44. ^ Strober S, Gronowicz ES, Knapp MR, Slavin S, Vitetta ES, Warnke RA, Kotzin B, Schröder J (1979). "Immunobiology of a spontaneous murine B cell leukemia (BCL1)". Immunol Rev. 48: 169–95. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.1979.tb00303.x. PMID 121100. S2CID 1133666.
  45. ^ Krolick KA, Uhr JW, Slavin S, Vitetta ES (Jun 1982). "In vivo therapy of a murine B cell tumor (BCL1) using antibody-ricin A chain immunotoxins". J Exp Med. 155 (6): 1797–1809. doi:10.1084/jem.155.6.1797. PMC 2186702. PMID 6804591.
  46. ^ Waldmann H, Polliak A, Hale G, Or R, et al. (Sep 1984). "Elimination of graft-versus-host disease by in-vitro depletion of alloreactive lymphocytes with a monoclonal rat anti-human lymphocyte antibody (CAMPATH-1)". Lancet. 324 (8401): 483–6. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92564-9. PMID 6147548. S2CID 45854723.
  47. ^ Watson CJ, Bradley JA, Friend PJ, Firth J, et al. (Jun 2005). "Alemtuzumab (CAMPATH 1H) induction therapy in cadaveric kidney transplantation--efficacy and safety at five years". Am J Transplant. 5 (6): 1347–53. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00822.x. PMID 15888040.
  48. ^ Clatworthy MR, Friend PJ, Calne RY, Rebello PR, Hale G, Waldmann H, Watson CJ (Apr 2009). "Alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H) for the treatment of acute rejection in kidney transplant recipients: long-term follow-up". Transplantation. 87 (7): 1092–5. doi:10.1097/TP.0b013e31819d3353. PMID 19352132. S2CID 37851876.
  49. ^ Barclay K, Carruthers R, Traboulsee A, Bass AD, et al. (Mar 2019). "Best Practices for Long-Term Monitoring and Follow-Up of Alemtuzumab-Treated MS Patients in Real-World Clinical Settings". Frontiers in Neurology. 10 (253): 253. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00253. PMC 6439479. PMID 30967831.
  50. ^ Petrou P, Gothelf Y, Argov Z, Gotkine M, et al. (Mar 2016). "Safety and Clinical Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secreting Neurotrophic Factor Transplantation in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Results of Phase 1/2 and 2a Clinical Trials". JAMA Neurol. 73 (3): 337–44. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4321. PMID 26751635.
  51. ^ Hosseini Shamili F, Alibolandi M, Rafatpanah H, et al. (Apr 2019). "Immunomodulatory properties of MSC-derived exosomes armed with high-affinity aptamer toward mylein as a platform for reducing multiple sclerosis clinical score". J Control Release. 299: 149–164. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.02.032. PMID 30807806. S2CID 73501937.
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