Shah Mansur (Muzaffarid)

Shah Mansur
The triumph of Shah Mansur. Divan of Hafiz (1550-1600), Safavid. Shiraz.[1]
Shah of the Muzaffarid dynasty
Reign1391-1393
Predecessor
  • Shah Yahya (in Shiraz, 1387–1391)
  • Sultan Ahmad (in Kerman, 1387–1391)
  • Sultan Abu Ishaq (in Sirajan 1387–1391)
SuccessorNone
FatherShah Muzaffar
ReligionSunni Islam

Shah Mansur (ruled 1391-1393) was the last of the Muzaffarid rulers of Southern Iran. He ruled from Isfahan and was killed by the forces of Timur in 29 March 1393.[2]

Life

Mansur was the brother of Shah Yahya and Shah Hosein. His uncle was Shah Shoja, with whom he fought against in battle.[3]: 41 

First Timurid offensive (1387)

In 1387, Timur attacked Isfahan in the Siege of Isfahan (1387). The governor, Muzaffar-i Kashi, gave the keys to the city.[4] When the city revolted against Timurid taxes, Timur ordered a slaughter of the population.[4] The Muzaffarid ruler Zain al-Abidin fled to his capital Shiraz, with the intent of reaching Baghdad.[5] On the way, he was imprisoned by his brother Shah Mansur.[5]

Timur easily captured Shiraz.[5] Shah Mansur then submitted to Timur, and Timur installed in Shiraz Nusrat al-DIn Shah Yahya, a nephew of Shah Shoja.[5] Timur left for Tansoxonia, to face an incursion by Tokhtamish.[5]

With support from the Jalayirid Sultanate, Mansur established himself as an independent ruler in Shushtar.[3]: 41  Meanwhile Shah Mansur tried to reinstate the Muzaffarid state and managed to recapture Shiraz, from which Shah Yahya fled, but failed to take Isfahan.[5] In contrast, Zain al-'Abidin managed to escape and was welcomed by the population of Isfahan.[6] Zain al-'Abidin tried to form an alliance against Shah Mansur, but he was defeated in battle.[5] When trying to flee into Khurasan, he was captured by the local ruler Musa Jaukar, who remitted him to Shah Mansur, who had him imprisoned and blinded in Qal'a-yi Safid.[7]

Second Timurid offensive (1392-93)

Timur returned from Transoxonia in 1392, to start a new five-year campaign against Iran.[7] Shah Mansur prepared to face him from his base in Shiraz. As he advanced, Timur freed prince Zain al-'Abidln from imprisonment in Qal'a-yi Safld, and treated him benevolently, promising to punish Shah Mansur.[7] At the Battle of Shiraz (1393), Shah Mansur fought the Timurid forces, but was defeated and decapitated by the forces of prince Shah Rukh.[8]

All remaining Muzaffarids proclaimed submission to Timur, but on May 1393 in Qumisha, south of Isfahan, Timur issued a supreme order for all of them to be executed.[8] Only two Muzaffarids were spared: Zain al-'Abidln and Sultan Shibli, the eldest and the youngest sons of Shah Shoja, who were sent to the Timurid capital of Samarqand.[8] They were reportedly provided with comfortable resources and enjoyed a pleasant life in Samarkand.[9] Numerous men of letters and artists from Fars and Irak also resettled in Samarkand.[9][10]

Shah Rukh, at the age of 17, presenting the head of Shah Mansur to Timur at the Battle of Shiraz in 1393. Tarikh e Khandan e Timuriyah (1577-78).[11]

Mansur's grave is located in the eastern part of Shiraz, in an area known as Gowd-e-Shahzadeh (Prince Mansur's Tomb).[3]: 43 

Literature

The poet Hafez Shirazi (1325–1390) had particular affection for Shah Mansur, and the ruler appears in several miniatures and is mentioned several times in The Divān of Hafez.[1]

The king of kings is the Glorious Mozaffar, the honor of the state and religion, Mansur,
Whose unsparing generosity laughed at the spring clouds.
From the hour the cup of wine was honored by his hand,
The world has drunk the cup of happiness to the topers'health.
From his head-chopping sword, that day victory shone when
He alone attacked thousands [of soldiers] like a starconsuming sun.
O heart, pray for God's grace for the continuation of his life and kingdom.
For heavens minted this coin of fortune to last for [many] days.

— Divān of Hafez CLIII.[12]

A miniature from the Timurid Zafarnama (Zafarnama (1435-36, Shiraz)) showed Shah-Rukh vanquishing the Muzaffarid ruler Shah Mansur Muzaffar in 1393 (miniature nb 10, folio 236b), but this miniature has been lost, without a remaining image.[13] The event appears however in the later Mughal account of the Timurid campaigns Tarikh e Khandan e Timuriyah.[11]

References

  1. ^ a b Sajadi, Forough (2025). The Persian miniatures collection of the Rijksmuseum: a hidden treasure trove. Leiden ; Boston: Brill. p. 79, Fig.23C, 81. ISBN 978-90-04-71627-8. The folio, recto below the image, has one of the most famous pieces of Hafiz's Divan, in praise of Shah Mansur (c.1345–93), who was the last king of the Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393). This specific text extols the triumph of Shah Mansur in Shiraz in 1387. (...) Note 26: About Hafiz's affection for Shah Mansur see Gani...
  2. ^ TÜRKLER ANSİKLOPEDİSİ CİLT 8
  3. ^ a b c Limbert, John W. (2011). Shiraz in the Age of Hafez: The Glory of a Medieval Persian City. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80288-6.
  4. ^ a b Cambridge 2008, p. 59.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Cambridge 2008, p. 60.
  6. ^ Cambridge 2008, p. 61.
  7. ^ a b c Cambridge 2008, p. 62.
  8. ^ a b c Cambridge 2008, p. 63.
  9. ^ a b Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle (1888). History of the Mongols: The Mongols of Persia. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 714, quoting Sherif ud-din, ii, 203-206. Zain al Abidin, who had been blinded by Shah Mansur, and Shébéli, who had been similarly blinded by Shah Shoja, were sent to Samarkand, and Timur assigned for their subsistence some of the best property in that town, so that they might spend, says Sherif ud din, the rest of their lives in some comfort under the shadow of his clemency. In the simplicity of their retreat, he continues, they enjoyed many pleasures unknown to the ambitious. The men of letters and the best artisans of Fars and of Irak abandoned their country, and went to live at Samarkand.* Note *Sherif ud-din, ii, 203-206
  10. ^ Sharaf al-Dīn, 'Alī; Pétis de La Croix, François (1722). Histoire de Timur-Bec, connu sous le nom du grand Tamerlan, empereur des Mogols & Tartares: En ... (in French). A. Des Hayes. p. 206.
  11. ^ a b Sims, E. (1992). "Ibrahim-Sultan's Illustrated Zafarnama of 1436 and its Impact in the Muslim East". Timurid art and culture: Iran and Central Asia in the fifteenth century. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 136. ISBN 9789004662551. Note 37:In the unique Mughal Tiinkh-i Khiindiin-i Tlmiiriyya, however (see below, nn. 45-47), fols. 53b-54a appear to illustrate precisely this event, Timur's campaign against Shah Mansur, in which the latter is killed and Mirza Shahrukh, then seventeen years old, joins Timur.
  12. ^ Saberi, Reza (1995). The Poems of Hafez (PDF). University Press of America, Inc. p. 116. ISBN 0-7618-0075-1.
  13. ^ Sims, E. (1992). "Ibrahim-Sultan's Illustrated Zafarnama of 1436 and its Impact in the Muslim East". Timurid art and culture: Iran and Central Asia in the fifteenth century. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 136. ISBN 9789004662551. Finally, the subject of the one painting that has, to the best of my knowledge, never been photographed, catalogued, or reproduced, is also Shahrukh: in battle with the Muzaffarids in 1393, it was Shahrukh, as a youth of seventeen years, who delivered the coup de grace to Shah Mansur Muzaffar.

Sources

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