Scombriformes
| Scombriformes Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| Blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Clade: | Percomorpha |
| Order: | Scombriformes Bleeker, 1859 |
| Families | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Scombriformes, also known as Pelagia or Pelagiaria, is an order of ray-finned fish within the clade Percomorpha.[1][2][3] It contains 287 extant species in 16 families, most of which were previously classified under the suborders Scombroidei and Stromateoidei of the order Perciformes.[1][4]
The earliest known scombriform is the scombrid Landanichthys from the Middle Paleocene of Angola.[5]
Taxonomic history and definition
The order Scombriformes was originally established in 1859 by the Dutch physician and ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker. However, the taxa assigned to this group were later placed within the order Perciformes, specifically in the suborder Scombroidei (mackerel-like fishes).
With the advent of cladistics and DNA comparison methods for phylogenetic analysis, it became evident that the traditional Scombroidei was not a monophyletic group (a natural clade).[6] Consequently, an attempt by E. O. Wiley and G. David Johnson to remove Scombroidei from Perciformes and elevate it to the order Scombriformes did not result in a monophyletic order, as it did not account for emerging DNA evidence regarding relationships among percomorphs.[7]
In a 2013 revision of bony fish systematics by Ricardo Betancur-R and colleagues, Scombriformes was redefined with a new composition, comprising 16 families that had previously been assigned to six different suborders of Perciformes.[3] This relationship was subsequently confirmed by Thomas J. Near and colleagues in their phylogenetic study of Acanthomorpha.[8]
In mid-2013, Masaki Miya, Matt Friedman, and colleagues described a clade with the same composition under the new name **Pelagia**, referencing the fact that these are predominantly pelagic fishes inhabiting the open ocean.[9]
Miya and Friedman defined Pelagia as a node-based taxon comprising the most recent common ancestor of the following species and all its descendants:[9]
- Trichiurus lepturus (Largehead hairtail)
- Gempylus serpens (Snake mackerel)
- Ruvettus pretiosus (Oilfish)
- Platyberyx opalescens
- Icosteus aenigmaticus (Ragfish)
- Taractes asper (Rough pomfret)
- Scombrolabrax heterolepis (Longfin escolar)
- Icichthys lockingtoni (Medusafish)
- Tetragonurus cuvieri (Smalleye squaretail)
- Chiasmodon niger (Black swallower)
- Pampus argenteus (Silver pomfret)
- Ariomma indicum (Indian ariomma)
- Psenes cyanophrys (Freckled driftfish)
- Pomatomus saltatrix (Bluefish)
- Arripis trutta (Kahawai)
- Scomber scombrus (Atlantic mackerel)
Characteristics
The close relationship of the groups currently assigned to Scombriformes is based primarily on molecular biological studies and is not yet supported by unique morphological traits (synapomorphies) for the order as a whole. However, the monophyly of the suborder Stromateoidei is supported by eight morphological synapomorphies.[10] In general, the majority of species are pelagic, open-ocean dwellers.
Fossil record
The earliest known scombriform is the scombrid Landanichthys from the Middle Paleocene of Angola.[11] The fossil family †Carangodidae is known from the Eocene of Italy.[12]
Taxonomy
Scombriformes includes the following families:[2][13]
- Suborder Stromateoidei
- Family Amarsipidae (amarsipa)
- Family Centrolophidae (medusafishes)
- Family Nomeidae (driftfishes)
- Family Tetragonuridae (squaretails)
- Family Ariommatidae (ariommas)
- Family Stromateidae (butterfishes)
- Family †Propercarinidae
- Suborder Scombroidei
- Family Pomatomidae (bluefishes)
- Family Icosteidae (ragfish)
- Family Arripidae (Australasian salmon (kahawai))
- Family Chiasmodontidae (swallowers)
- Family Scombridae
- Subfamily Gasterochismatinae (butterfly kingfish)
- Subfamily Scombrinae (mackerels, bonitos and tunas)
- Family Caristiidae (manefishes)
- Family Bramidae (pomfrets)
- Family Scombrolabracidae (longfin escolar)
- Family †Euzaphlegidae
- Family Gempylidae (snake mackerels)
- Family Trichiuridae (cutlassfishes)
- Subfamily Aphanopodinae (frostfishes)
- Subfamily Lepidopodinae (scabbardfishes)
- Subfamily Trichiurinae (hairtails)
Phylogeny
The phylogenetic relationships within Scombriformes are shown in this cladogram from Near & Thacker (2024):[1]
| Scombriformes |
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References
- ^ a b c Near, T. J.; Thacker, C. E. (2024). "Phylogenetic Classification of Living and Fossil Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii)" (PDF). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65 (1). doi:10.3374/014.065.0101.
- ^ a b Nelson, JS; Grande, TC & Wilson, MVH (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.).
- ^ a b R. Betancur-R; E. O. Wiley; G. Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
- ^ Bailly N, ed. (2017). "Scombroidei". FishBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
- ^ Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505.
- ^ Thomas M. Orrell, Bruce B. Collette, G. David Johnson: Molecular data support separate scombroid and xiphioid clades. Bulletin of Marine Science, Volume 79, Number 3, November 2006, pp. 505–519 Full text link
- ^ E. O. Wiley & G. David Johnson: A teleost classification based on monophyletic groups. in Joseph S. Nelson, Hans-Peter Schultze & Mark V. H. Wilson: Origin and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Teleosts. 2010, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, ISBN 978-3-89937-107-9.
- ^ Thomas J. Near, A. Dornburg, R.I. Eytan, B.P. Keck, W.L. Smith, K.L. Kuhn, J.A. Moore, S.A. Price, F.T. Burbrink, M. Friedman & P.C. Wainwright. 2013. Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101:12738-21743. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1304661110
- ^ a b Masaki Miya, Matt Friedman, Takashi P. Satoh, Hirohiko Takeshima, Tetsuya Sado, Wataru Iwasaki, Yusuke Yamanoue, Masanori Nakatani, Kohji Mabuchi, Jun G. Inoue, Jan Yde Poulsen, Tsukasa Fukunaga, Yukuto Sato, Mutsumi Nishida: Evolutionary Origin of the Scombridae (Tunas and Mackerels): Members of a Paleogene Adaptive Radiation with 14 Other Pelagic Fish Families. PLoS ONE 8(9): e73535. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073535
- ^ Murilo N. L. Pastana, G. David Johnson, Aléssio Datovo (2021): Comprehensive phenotypic phylogenetic analysis supports the monophyly of stromateiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphacea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, zlab058. September 2021. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab058
- ^ Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505.
- ^ Laan, Richard van der (2018-10-11). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". European Journal of Taxonomy (466). doi:10.5852/ejt.2018.466. ISSN 2118-9773.
- ^ Fricke, R.; Eschmeyer, W. N.; Van der Laan, R. (2025). "ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: CLASSIFICATION". California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2025-02-10.