Sapindus mukorossi
| Sapindus mukorossi | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Sapindaceae |
| Genus: | Sapindus |
| Species: | S. mukorossi
|
| Binomial name | |
| Sapindus mukorossi | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Sapindus oocarpus Radlk. | |
Sapindus mukorossi, commonly known as Indian soapberry, washnut, ritha[2][3][4][5] or Chinese soapberry,[1] is a species of tree in the family Sapindaceae. It is a deciduous tree that grows in the lower foothills and midhills of the Himalayas at altitudes of up to 1,200 metres (4,000 ft).[6] It is also native to western coastal Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Goa in India; as well as Nepal Indochina, southern China,[7] Japan and Taiwan as known by its many indigenous peoples.[8] It is tolerant to reasonably poor soil, can be planted around farmers' homes,[9] and one tree can produce 30 to 35 kilograms (66 to 77 lb) of fruit per year.[10]
Uses
Cleanser
The soapnut contains saponin, which has soap-like properties.[3]
Surfactant
The fruit can be used in an enhanced oil recovery technique,[11] yielding a surfactant for washing arsenic from soils containing iron.[12]
Possible antimicrobial agent
Due to its saponin content, the extract exhibits antibacterial activity in vitro.[13][14][15]
References
- ^ a b Plummer, J. (2021). "Sapindus mukorossi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021 e.T169299323A169300329. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T169299323A169300329.en. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ NRCS. "Sapindus mukorossi". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 5 November 2015.
- ^ a b Upadhyay, A. & Singh, D. K. (2012). "Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 54 (5): 273–280. doi:10.1590/s0036-46652012000500007. PMID 22983291.
- ^ Orwa C. A., Mutua, K. R., & Jamnadasss R. S. A. (2009) Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide (version 4.0). Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Sapindus_mukorossi.pdf
- ^ "Sapindus mukorossi". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
- ^ Sarin, J. L.; Beri, M. L. (1939). "Extraction of saponin from soapnut". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 31 (6): 712–713. doi:10.1021/ie50354a012.
- ^ Sun, C.; Wang, J.; Duan, J.; Zhao, G.; Weng, X.; Jia, L. Association of Fruit and Seed Traits of Sapindus mukorossi Germplasm with Environmental Factors in Southern China. Forests 2017, 8, 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8120491
- ^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*daqu₂: soapberry - Sapindus mukrossi, S. saponaria". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- ^ Forestry Nepal (2014). Sapindus mukorossi. Retrieved from http://www.forestrynepal.org/resources/trees/sapindus-mukorossi Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Poudel, K. L. (2011). Trade potentiality and ecological analysis of NTFPs in Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. Himalayan Research Papers Archives, 61 . Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1928/3300
- ^ Chhetri, A. B.; Watts, K. C.; Rahman, M. S.; Islam, M. R. (2009). "Soapnut extract as a natural surfactant for enhanced oil recovery". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 31 (20): 1893–1903. doi:10.1080/15567030802462622. S2CID 95498375.
- ^ Mukhopadhyay, S.; Hashim, M. A.; Sahu, J. N.; Yusoff, I; Gupta, B. S. (2013). "Comparison of a plant based natural surfactant with SDS for washing of As(V) from Fe rich soil" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Sciences. 25 (11): 2247–2256. doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60295-2. PMID 24552053.
- ^ Wei, Min-ping; Yu, Hang; Guo, Ya-hui; Cheng, Yu-liang; Xie, Yun-fei; Yao, Wei-rong (2021). "Antibacterial activity of Sapindus saponins against microorganisms related to food hygiene and the synergistic action mode of Sapindoside A and B against Micrococcus luteus in vitro". Food Control. 130 108337. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108337.
- ^ Ibrahim, Mohammed (2006). "Antimicrobial activity of Sapindus mukorossi and Rheum emodi extracts against H. pylori: In vitro and in vivo studies". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12 (44): 7136–7142. doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i44.7136. ISSN 1007-9327. PMC 4087774. PMID 17131475.
- ^ Grzywaczyk, Adam; Smułek, Wojciech; Olejnik, Anna; Guzik, Urszula; Nowak, Agnieszka; Kaczorek, Ewa (2023). "Co-interaction of nitrofuran antibiotics and the saponin-rich extract on gram-negative bacteria and colon epithelial cells". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 39 (8): 221. doi:10.1007/s11274-023-03669-2. ISSN 0959-3993. PMC 10241687. PMID 37273071.
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