Santiago de Compostela campaign

Santiago de Compostela campaign
Date997
Location
Iberian Peninsula
Result Cordoban victory
Belligerents

Kingdom of León

Caliphate of Cordoba
Commanders and leaders

Bermudo II of León

Almanzor

The Santiago de Compostela campaign, also known as the 48th campaign of Almanzor was a military expedition led by Almanzor, prime-minister of Caliph Hisham II of Córdoba, which targeted Galicia, specifically Santiago de Compostela.

It was Almanzor's most famous campaign and, on the way, the Cordoban army passed through the county of Portugal, which was devastated.

Context

On 1 October 976, Hisham II succeeded Caliph Al-Hakam II on the throne of Cordoba. The following week, the new Caliph appointed Ibn Abi Amir, later known as Almanzor, to the position of hajib or prime minister. Almanzor took on dictatorial powers and continued the military reforms previously begun by Al-Hakam II. Threatened by Christian incursions, the following year he instituted a policy of destructive campaigns against the kingdoms of the north, usually twice a year, to collect tribute or plunder them if they refused to pay, a policy that would continue beyond his death, until 1008. These were 31 years of Cordoban hegemony imposed on the Christian kingdoms with brutality and the most chaotic since the beginning of the Reconquista.[1]

In 987, Almanzor recaptured Coimbra, Seia, Viseu and Lamego, and in 990 the Cordobans recaptured Montemor-o-Velho, thus opening the way to the northwest.[2]

The campaign

The cavalry left Córdoba on 3 July accompanied by supply wagons, along the old Roman road that headed northwest, while the infantry, weapons, provisions and ammunition headed for the port city of Alcácer do Sal, where they would embark to the rendezvous point at the city of Porto, in Portuguese territory.[3] At Coria, several counts from León joined Almanzor's army.[4] From there, Almanzor reached Viseu, where he was joined by subjugated counts and Christian nobles exiled from their countries, such as Galindo the Galician or Froila Gonçalves, former count of Coimbra, who had preferred to side with Almanzor when he captured the city in 987.[3][5]

Once the army and navy had gathered in the Douro River, the troops crossed it via a pontoon bridge that Almanzor had built, the first to connect its two banks.[6] Porto was poorly fortified and offered little resistance.[7] The campaign towards Galicia was preceded by an incursion by troops led by a brother of Froila Gonçalves, Veila Gonçalves, who lived in Terra de Santa Maria under Muslim rule and was charged with neutralising any forces that could jeopardise the advance of the Muslim army, namely those of Count Gonçalo Mendes of Portugal.[5] Henrique Gonçalves, lord of Maia, whose castle was the main fortification in the region, colluded with Veila.[5][8] Henrique Gonçalves also took advantage of the occasion to usurp the land of Dona Zalamiz and her son Didago.[8] Braga was besieged with difficulty but it was ultimately sacked and destroyed.[9][7] Brittonia, near Viana do Castelo, put up strong resistance but was sacked.[7] At Valadares de Monção, they crossed the Minho river.[3]

North of the Minho, the castle of San Pelaio was razed to the ground.[3] Iria Flavia was sacked and destroyed.[4] Throughout western Galicia, numerous towns and monasteries were destroyed.[3]

When the first messengers reported the approach of the Cordovan army, the Bishop of Compostela, Pedro de Mezonzo, ordered the evacuation of the city and withdrew to a monastery in the interior, possibly in Sobrado, along with the saints relics on this occasion, it is assumed.[10] Almanzor's army pitched camp outside Compostela on 10 August.[10] The city was sacked and razed to the ground, but Almanzor decided to spare the tomb of St James the Apostle, and the guards he posted prevented it from being damaged.[10][11] Almanzor remained in Santiago de Compostela for eight days.[10] During his stay, he demolished the cathedral, the monastery of San Martín Pinario, the hospital founded by Sesnando II, the monastery of Antealtares and all the temples and palaces in the city.[10]

On their way back from Santiago, the spoils were divided at Lamego among the leaders who had taken part in the campaign, both Christian and Muslim.[7] Almanzor installed a Muslim garrison in Zamora, but the bulk of his troops remained in Toro.[12][13] Almanzor then imposed peace terms on the Christian lords that allowed him to renounce campaigns in the north in 998, the first year this had happened since 977.[13] Almansor's army was struck by dysentery during its march to Cordoba.[14] Among the spoils captured in Santiago de Compostela were the bells and doors of the cathedral, carried by 4,000 captives taken during the campaign.[15] The bells were turned into chandeliers for the great mosque of Córdoba.[16][17]

Two years after Almanzor's attack, Bishop Pedro de Mezonzo restored the temple of Santiago.[15] Almanzors attack in 997 had profound repercussions. Santiago de Compostela became an important international pilgrimage destination over the following century and a symbol of Christianity in the Iberian Peninsula.[16] Santiago, in turn, was gradually adopted as the patron saint of the Reconquista with the epithet the Moor-Slayer.[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ Reuter, Timothy (1992). Warriors and Churchmen in the High Middle Ages: Essays Presented to Karl Leyser, A&C Black. p. 134.
  2. ^ Castro, Augusto Mendes Simões de (1867). Guia histórico do viajante em Coimbra e arredores Condeixa, Lorvão, Mealhada, Luso, Bussaco, Monte-Mor-O-Velho e Figueira, Imprensa da Universidade. p. 316.
  3. ^ a b c d e López, Emilio González (1978). Grandeza e Decadencia do Reino de Galicia, Vigo, Editorial Galaxia, p. 110.
  4. ^ a b Victoria Armesto: Galicia Feudal, Editorial Galaxia, 1971, p. 121.
  5. ^ a b c Gonçalves, Pedro Alexandre. “Froila Gonçalves, o condado de Coimbra, caudilhismo de fronteira e a defensio de cenóbios no Ocidente Peninsular”. Juvenes - The Middle Ages seen by young researchers, edited by André Madruga Coelho and Silvana R. Vieira de Sousa, Publicações do CIDEHUS, 2020.
  6. ^ Queirós, Eugénio. "Primeira Ponte Entre Porto e Gaia Data do Ano de 997" in O Gaiense, 16 February 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d Manoel da Rocha: Portugal Renascido, 1730, p. 398.
  8. ^ a b Kurt Villads Jensen: Crusading at the Edges of Europe: Denmark and Portugal c.1000 – c.1250, Taylor & Francis 2016, p. 79.
  9. ^ Bernardino José de Senna Freitas: Memorias de Braga, tomo IV, 1890, Imprensa Catholica, p. 27.
  10. ^ a b c d e Armesto, 1971, p. 122.
  11. ^ Clifford J. Rogers: The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 15.
  12. ^ Lévi Provençal, Évariste (1957). Historia de España: España musulmana hasta la caída del califato de Córdoba: 711-1031 de J.C. Tomo IV. Espasa-Calpe. Edición de Ramón Menéndez Pidal & Leopoldo Torres-Balbás. Traducción de Emilio García Gómez. p. 424.
  13. ^ a b Martínez Díez, Gonzalo (2005). El condado de Castilla, 711-1038: la historia frente a la la leyenda, volume 2. Marcial Pons Historia. p. 561.
  14. ^ Samuel A. Dunham: The History of Spain and Portugal, Volume 1, Longman, 1832, p.296.
  15. ^ a b Armesto, 1971, p. 123.
  16. ^ a b c Maria Rosa Menocal: The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain, Hachette UK, 2009.
  17. ^ Jan van Herwaarden: Between Saint James and Erasmus: Studies in Late-Medieval Religious Life – Devotion and Pilgrimage in the Netherlands, Brill, 2021, p. 453.
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