Sanmenxia
Sanmenxia
三门峡市 Sanmenhsia | |
|---|---|
Location of Sanmenxia City jurisdiction in Henan | |
Sanmenxia Location in China | |
| Coordinates (Sanmenxia government): 34°46′24″N 111°12′01″E / 34.7732°N 111.2004°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Henan |
| Municipal seat | Hubin District |
| Area | |
| 10,475 km2 (4,044 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 1,814.3 km2 (700.5 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,995.3 km2 (1,156.5 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 376 m (1,234 ft) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 2,034,872 | |
| • Density | 194.26/km2 (503.13/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 615,220 |
| • Urban density | 339.09/km2 (878.25/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 820,300 |
| • Metro density | 273.9/km2 (709.3/sq mi) |
| GDP[2][3] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 132.6 billion US$ 20.0 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 58,894 US$ 8,867 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal Code | 472000 |
| Area code | (0)398 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-HA-12 |
| Major Ethnicities | Han |
| County-level divisions | 6 |
| License plate prefixes | 豫M |
| Website | smx |
Sanmenxia (simplified Chinese: 三门峡; traditional Chinese: 三門峽; pinyin: Sānménxiá; postal: Sanmenhsia) is a prefecture-level city in the west of Henan Province, China. The westernmost prefecture-level city in Henan, Sanmenxia borders Luoyang to the east, Nanyang to the southeast, Shaanxi Province to the west and Shanxi Province to the north. The city lies on the south side of the Yellow River at the point where the river cuts through the Loess Plateau on its way to the North China Plain.
As of the 2020 census, it was home to 2,034,872 inhabitants of which 820,300 lived in the built-up area made of Hubin, Shanzhou urban districts and Pinglu County in neighboring Shanxi (205,080 inhabitants), now within the agglomeration.
Names and history
The city's name in Chinese (三门峡) means "The Gorge of Three Gateways" and is derived from two islands that split the Yellow River into three parts.
According to Chinese mythology, Yu the Great used a divine axe to cut the mountain ridge three times, creating the Sanmenxia gorges to prevent massive flooding. The three "men" or gates were then named "The Gateway of Man" (人门), "The Gateway of Gods" (神门) and "The Gateway of Devils" (鬼门).
During the Han and Tang dynasties, there were projects to improve navigation at the entrance of the gorge by building towpaths and navigation channels, as well as removing boulders.[4]
With the construction of the Sanmenxia Dam in the late 1950s, the ancient passes were flooded.
During the Western Zhou dynasty, Sanmenxia was part of the territory of the State of Western Guo, ruled by relatives of the ruling Ji family of Zhou. Guo moved its capital from modern day Baoji to Shangyang (上阳), next to Sanmenxia. Later, this territory was annexed the State of Jin.
Archaeological finds near Sanmenxia between 1956 and 1991 revealed mass chariot graves and bronzeware of Western Guo State rulers. Furthermore, the archaeological site "Shihao Section of Xiaohan Ancient Road", an excavated pathway that is part of the world heritage site "Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor", is also located in Sanmenxia. In 2011, the Sanmenxia Cultural Sports Centre Stadium opened. The association football venue has a capacity of 22,000.
Geography and climate
Sanmenxia is located in western Henan on the southern (right) bank of the Yellow River, and is surrounded on three sides by mountains, with elevations generally increasing from northeast to southwest. Most of the prefecture is at an altitude of 300 to 1,500 metres (980 to 4,920 ft), although the highest peak in the province, at 2,413.8 metres (7,919 ft), is located in Lingbao. The prefecture is at the intersection of Henan, Shanxi, and Shaanxi provinces, bordering Luoyang to the east, Nanyang to the south, Weinan (Shaanxi) to the west, and Yuncheng (Shanxi) to the north across the Yellow River.
Sanmenxia has a mostly dry, monsoon-influenced continental climate with four seasons. Winters are moderately cold and very dry, while summers are hot and humid. Monthly daily average temperatures range from −0.3 °C (31.5 °F) in January to 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) in July, and the annual mean is 13.9 °C (57.0 °F). More than half of the annual precipitation falls from July to September. There are between 184 and 218 frost-free days per annum. In the Köppen system, the city is in the transition zone between a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) and humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), and receives barely enough precipitation to avoid being semi-arid (Köppen BSk).[5]
| Climate data for Sanmenxia, elevation 410 m (1,350 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.0 (64.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
29.7 (85.5) |
36.7 (98.1) |
39.8 (103.6) |
41.4 (106.5) |
41.6 (106.9) |
39.6 (103.3) |
39.2 (102.6) |
33.3 (91.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
41.6 (106.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) |
9.4 (48.9) |
15.6 (60.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
27.4 (81.3) |
31.5 (88.7) |
32.4 (90.3) |
30.7 (87.3) |
25.8 (78.4) |
20.3 (68.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
20.0 (68.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.1 (32.2) |
3.8 (38.8) |
9.5 (49.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
20.5 (68.9) |
14.6 (58.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
1.6 (34.9) |
14.4 (57.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.7 (25.3) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
4.8 (40.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
16.6 (61.9) |
10.4 (50.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
10.0 (50.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −12.5 (9.5) |
−10.9 (12.4) |
−6.2 (20.8) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
4.7 (40.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
6.5 (43.7) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.8 (0.15) |
8.6 (0.34) |
17.4 (0.69) |
36.6 (1.44) |
57.8 (2.28) |
63.5 (2.50) |
105.0 (4.13) |
79.2 (3.12) |
89.7 (3.53) |
49.4 (1.94) |
24.3 (0.96) |
3.7 (0.15) |
539 (21.23) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.2 | 3.6 | 5.3 | 6.5 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 9.9 | 7.7 | 5.7 | 2.7 | 79.9 |
| Average snowy days | 4.4 | 3.9 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 3.1 | 14.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 53 | 53 | 52 | 54 | 56 | 59 | 70 | 72 | 72 | 69 | 64 | 55 | 61 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 143.3 | 136.5 | 170.1 | 202.5 | 220.5 | 216.2 | 208.5 | 190.0 | 147.5 | 148.6 | 140.3 | 145.5 | 2,069.5 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 46 | 44 | 46 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 48 | 46 | 40 | 43 | 46 | 48 | 47 |
| Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[6][7] all-time January high[8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather China[9] | |||||||||||||
Administration
The prefecture-level city of Sanmenxia administers two districts, two county-level cities and two counties.
- Hubin District (湖滨区)
- Shanzhou District (陕州区)
- Lingbao City (灵宝市)
- Yima City (义马市)
- Lushi County (卢氏县)
- Mianchi County (渑池县)
| Map |
|---|
Transportation
Notable people
- Gao Jixing, founding prince of Jingnan during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China
- Hao Pengju, Chinese general and politician
- Zhang Zifeng, actress[10]
References
- ^ "China: Hénán (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
- ^ 河南省统计局、国家统计局河南调查总队 (November 2017). 《河南统计年鉴－2017》. China Statistics Press. ISBN 978-7-5037-8268-8. Archived from the original on 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- ^ "河南统计年鉴—2017". www.ha.stats.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2018-11-15. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
- ^ Kim, Nanny (2009). "River Control, Merchant Philanthropy, and Environmental Change in Nineteenth-Century China". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 52 (4): 670. doi:10.1163/002249909X12574071689131. ISSN 0022-4995.
- ^ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633-1644. ISSN 1027-5606.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ "Sina Visitor System" 【气温破纪录】今天有284个国家气象站（超10%比例）打破1月中旬最高气温纪录，这其中还有105站气温打破1月最高气温纪录。比如郑州21.9℃、太原老站14.9℃。具体详见下图表格。明天暖破纪录的情况可能还会出现，主要在四川东部、湖北、安徽、江苏以及山东南部。 (in Simplified Chinese). weatherman_信欣 on Weibo. Retrieved 15 January 2026.
- ^ 三门峡 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ^ "三门峡籍女演员张子枫出任"三门峡旅游形象大使"". Henan Daily. 2017-07-05. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
External links
- Government Website of Sanmenxia (in Chinese)
- City Map (in Chinese)