Safeguard American Voter Eligibility Act

The Safeguard American Voter Eligibility Act, also known as the SAVE Act or SAVE America Act, is a proposed United States law that would require "documentary proof of United States citizenship" to register to vote in federal elections.^[2]

In the 2020 United States presidential election, president and Republican Donald Trump lost reelection to Democrat Joe Biden. Trump and the Republican party began making numerous claims of voter fraud and filed multiple lawsuits challenging the elections; Trump's challenge also led into the events of the January 6 United States Capitol attack when Congress was to certify the election results. Nearly all these claims were disproven over the following years, even by experts hired by Trump to discover voter fraud.^[3][4]

Trump continued to assert there was fraud in the 2020 election after launching his bid for presidency in the 2024 election, in 2022. In contrast to the haphazard approach he and the Republicans took with the 2020 election results, the Republicans set out to discover any avenue they could use to impact voting and prevent percieved fraud.^[5] He along with the Republican party began filing lawsuits in preparation to challenge the results and to install monitors to be able to watch the ballot counters.^[6] Another facet of Trump's 2024 campaign was combatting undocumented immigrants, leading to a new disproven claim pushed in the months before the election that nearly 2.7 million undocumented immigrants had voted in 2024; this figure originated from a 2014 study based on extrapolation of data from the Cooperative Election Study, and not based on any actual voter data. Despite this, Trump insisted that voting must be strictly controlled to prevent undocumented immigrants from voting in the 2024 and future elections.^[7][5]

On March 26, 2025, Trump signed Executive Order 14248^[ws], which called for significant changes to vote registration, ballot casting, and vote counting.^[8][9] This order was blocked in court.^[10]

The bill defines "documentary proof of United States citizenship".^[11]

Valid documents for verifying citizenship, as stated by the bill, are one of the following:^[12][11]

1. A form of identification issued consistent with the requirements of the REAL ID law that indicate citizenship;^[a]
2. A valid U.S. passport;^[b]
3. An official US military identification card together with a service record indicating a place of birth in the United States;
4. A valid government-issued photo ID card that lists a place of birth in the United States;
5. Any other valid government-issued photo ID card together with evidence of birth as a US citizen or naturalization, such as a US-issued birth certificate, a naturalization certificate, or a Consular Report of Birth Abroad (CRBA).

Non-enhanced driver's licenses or state ID cards, U.S. military ID cards, and tribal identification documents would not be sufficient alone since they do not indicate citizenship status and can be issued to non-citizen legal residents of the United States.^[15] Birth or naturalization certificates with names that do not match current identification could also not be used.^[16]

The bill states that those who register to vote by mail "shall not be registered to vote in an election for Federal office unless (...) documentary proof of United States citizenship" is presented in person. It would likely also curtail the use of automatic voter registration ("motor voter" laws), and online voter registration.^[15]

For those who cannot provide the documentary evidence required by the bill listed above, the bill would mandate each state to establish a process by which an applicant can sign an attestation that they are a US citizen, and a state or local official would then make a determination. Where there are discrepancies between documents presented, each state would have to provide a process wherein the applicant could submit additional documentation to establish their citizenship.^[11]

The bill does not authorize federal funding for the new state responsibilities it creates, and it includes no phase-in period.^[11]

The bill requires removal of suspected non-citizens from existing voter rolls, though it does not require prior notification of erroneous removals.^[2]

The 2026 version of the bill also adds the requirement for states to share unredacted voting rolls with the Department of Homeland Security as another means to validate citizenship.^[17]

Non-citizens voting in federal elections has been proven to be extremely rare and is already illegal under Section 216 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996.^[16][18][19]

Opponents of the bill argue that it is intended to suppress voter turnout, as voter registration forms already require driver's license numbers or the last four digits of the applicant's Social Security number in compliance with the Help America Vote Act (HAVA), which registrars are required to use under HAVA to confirm eligibility through databases maintained by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the Social Security Administration, and the U.S. Postal Service.^[15][20] An analysis by the Center for American Progress found some voters in Alaska and Hawaii would need to fly to reach their election office in accordance with the in person requirement to vote by mail.^[21] The analysis also found that an estimated 69 million women and 4 million men have a last name that does not match their birth certificate.^[22] This provision would similarly impact transgender people whose legal names do not match their birth certificates.^[23][18]

Research from the Brennan Center, "indicates that more than 9 percent of American citizens of voting age, or 21.3 million people, don't have proof of citizenship readily available".^[24] The center said the act "would compel voter roll purges that are bound to sweep in eligible American voters" and "when Arizona and Kansas implemented similar policies at the state level, tens of thousands of eligible citizens were blocked from registering," concluding, "the SAVE Act's proof-of-citizenship requirement is a solution in search of a problem."^[2]

According to the U.S. Vote Foundation, the SAVE Act would jeopardize voting registration access for US military service members serving abroad and other US citizens resident overseas.^[25]

The original version of the bill passed the House of Representatives in April 2025, but stalled in the Senate.^[26]

A new version of the bill, alternatively referred to as the SAVE America Act, was introduced to the House of Representatives in January 2026.^[26][27] The bill was introduced by Republican Senator Mike Lee of Utah, and cosponsored by Republican South Carolina Senator Lindsay Graham.^[28] The bill passed the House by a vote of 218–213 on February 11, 2026. Only one Democrat, Henry Cuellar, voted with Republicans. The bill is expected to be challenged in the Senate, where it would require 60 votes to pass unless rules against the chamber's filibuster rules are changed.^[17][29]

Regarding the effect of the new version of the text if it were to pass, CNBC commented, "low-income and minority voters are more likely to lack the types of documents that would be required by a national voter ID law, leading to less voting participation by those groups."^[30] In the broader political context, Politico identified the bill as a "rare rallying point for a divided GOP".^[31]

At the onset of the 2026 Iran War in March 2026, President Trump insisted that the Senate drop the filibuster rule and pass the SAVE Act as he claimed it was essential for Republicans to win the 2026 midterm elections. Trump vowed to not sign any bill into law until SAVE Act was passed, and also insisted that the bill must also contain amendments banning mail-in voting outside certain exemptions such as overseas military and for illnesses, and separate prohibitions on transgender rights, including federal bans on trans women in women's sports, and on gender-affirming care for minors—language that would require a new vote in the House and Senate.^[32][33] However in response, Senate majority leader John Thune said that it was unlikely for the bill to pass the Senate as there were not enough votes to override the filibuster or support a talking filibuster.^[34]

The Senate began deliberations on the bill on March 17, 2026, with Republicans desiring to extend the debate as long as possible and challenge the Democrats' criticism of the bill.^[35] Republicans in the Senate introduced amendments to the bill to address Trump's demands to ban trans women from women's sports and to criminalize the act of providing gender-affirming care to minors.^[36] An amendment to strictly relegate mail-in voting outside of limited cases was also introduced during this period.^[37]

• Voter identification laws in the United States
• Republican Party efforts to disrupt voting after the 2024 United States presidential election