Wadi Hammamat

Wadi Hammamat (Arabic: وادي الحمامات, romanized: Wādī al-Ḥammāmāt, lit. 'Valley of Many Baths', Coptic: ⲣⲱϩⲉⲛⲧⲟⲩ, romanized: rōhentou, lit. 'gateway to India';[1] Egyptian Ro-Henu "Mouth to the Interior") is a dry river bed in Egypt's Eastern Desert, about halfway between Al-Qusayr and Qena. It was a major mining region and trade route east from the Nile Valley in ancient times, and three thousand years of rock carvings and graffiti make it a major scientific and tourist site today.

Etymology

The ancient Egyptian name for Wadi Hammamat was Ro-Henu. The name Ro-henu / r ẖnw literally means mouth to the interior. Ancient Egyptians used the Ro-henu waterway or Ro-henu canal to reach Punt, also called tꜣ-nṯr (Ta Netjer), meaning God's Land to procure incense and myrrh, with Ta Netjer (God's Land) being coterminous with the modern northern coast of the Horn of Africa.[2] [3][4]

Trade route

Hammamat became the major route from Thebes to the Red Sea and then to the Silk Road that led to Asia, or to Arabia and the horn of Africa. This 200 km journey was the most direct route from the Nile to the Red Sea, as the Nile bends toward the coast at the western end of the wadi.

The Hammamat route ran from Qift (or Coptos), located just north of Luxor, to Al-Qusayr on the coast of the Red Sea. Qift was an important center for administration, religion, and commerce. The cities at both ends of the route were established by the First Dynasty, although evidence of predynastic occupation also has been found along the route.[5] A number of forts and towers were built along this route by the Romans.[6]

Quarries

In Ancient Egypt, Hammamat was a major quarrying area for the Nile Valley. Quarrying expeditions to the Eastern Desert are recorded from the second millennia BCE, where the wadi has exposed Precambrian rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield. These include Basalts, schists, bekhen-stone (an especially prized green metagraywacke sandstone used for bowls, palettes, statues, and sarcophagi) [7] and gold-containing quartz.[8] The Narmer Palette, 3100 BC, is one of a number of early and predynastic artifacts that were carved from the distinctive stone of the Wadi Hammamat.

Pharaoh Seti I is recorded as having the first well dug to provide water in the wadi, and Senusret I sent mining expeditions there.

The site is described in the earliest-known ancient geological map, the Turin Papyrus Map.[9]

Carvings

Today Hammamat is famous mostly for its ancient Egyptian graffiti, as well as that, in ancient times, it was a quarry that lay on the Silk Road to Asia, and is a common destination for modern tourists. The wadi contains many carvings and inscriptions dating from before the earliest Egyptian Dynasties to the modern era, including the only painted petroglyph known from the Eastern Desert and drawings of Egyptian reed boats dated to 4000 BCE.[10]

Common era

Occupying groups from the Roman-Byzantine Periods to the Late Ptolemaic Period operated gold mines near the well Bir Umm el-Fawakhir. Yet, the New Kingdom of Egypt gold mines at Wadi el-Sid were on a larger scale.[9]: 129, 136–141 

A modern asphalt road, the Wadi Hammamat road now runs for 194 km through the wadi, making it a vital transport route, and enabling tourists to travel easily between the sites of nearby Luxor and Thebes.[11]

Modern European description

The first European descriptions of the Wadi Hammamat were from the Scottish traveler James Bruce in 1769, and the Russian Egyptologist Vladimir Golenishchev led the first modern study of the inscriptions in 1884–1885.

In 1993, The Pogues wrote a song about it, entitled Girl From The Wadi Hammamat in their album Waiting for Herb.

See also

References

  1. ^ Meeks, Cf. D. Coptos et le chemin de Pount. p. 303.
  2. ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000875?origin=crossref
  3. ^ “rʾ (lemma ID 92560)”, “r (lemma ID 91900)”, and “jr (lemma ID 28170)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae, Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
  4. ^ Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1929), Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 372.1–372.4
  5. ^ The Archaeology of the Eastern Desert, Appendix F: Desert Rock Areas and Sites Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine. Andie Byrnes, University College London, June 2007. Retrieved September 2007.
  6. ^ Zitterkptf, Ronald; Sidebotham, Steven (1989). "Stations and Towers on the Quseir-Nile Road". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 75: 155–189. doi:10.2307/3821906.
  7. ^ Survey of ancient Egyptian stone quarries (rock varieties and images, locations, and ages). James A. Harrell, Professor of Geology, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo. Retrieved September 2007.
  8. ^ Dollinger, André, Mining, An introduction to the history and culture of Pharaonic Egypt. 2000. Retrieved September 2007.
  9. ^ a b Klemm, Rosemarie; Klemm, Dietrich (2013). Gold and Gold Mining in Ancient Egypt and Nubia. Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 132–136. ISBN 9783642225079.
  10. ^ Desert Boats Home Page Wadi Hammamat: Gallery and description of several dynastic and predynastic sites in the Wadi, by Francis Lankester. Retrieved June 2013.
  11. ^ "12 Top-Rated Things to Do in the Red Sea Region – #12: Discover the Eastern Desert's Rock Inscriptions at Barrameya and Wadi Hammamat". PlanetWare. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
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