Qingzhou
Qingzhou
青州市 Tsingchow | |
|---|---|
Qingzhou in Weifang | |
Qingzhou Location of the city center in Shandong | |
| Coordinates: 36°41′07″N 118°28′47″E / 36.6853°N 118.4796°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Shandong |
| Prefecture-level city | Weifang |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,569 km2 (606 sq mi) |
| Population (2017) | |
• Total | 963,600 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 262500 |
Qingzhou (Chinese: 青州; pinyin: Qīngzhōu) Wade–Giles: Tsing-chou, sometimes written as Ching-chow-fu, formerly Yidu County (Yitu, 益都县), is a county-level city, which is located in the west of the prefecture-level city of Weifang, in the central part of Shandong Province, China. Qingzhou is a dynamic industry city, and also grows a great number of farm products. The local government holds an open policy of introduction of foreign capital, and has established strong business relationships with more than fifty countries and regions.
Qingzhou's historical heritages were highly praised and celebrated. In 2008, the Qingzhou Museum was recognized by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage as one of the first branch of national first-class museums, making it the only county-level city to possess such a museum. In 2009, Qingzhou’s Zhaode Ancient Street (昭德古街) was included in the first list of "China’s Historic and Cultural Streets". On November 18, 2013, the State Council officially designated Qingzhou as a National Famous Historical and Cultural City. In 2017, the Ancient City of Qingzhou was rated as a national 5A-level tourist attraction.[1][2][3][4]
History
Pre Qin era
In antiquity, the region of Qingzhou is said to have been occupied by the polities of the Shuangjiu clan (爽鸠), Jize clan (季則), Zhen’e clan (斟鄂), Zhenguan clan (斟灌), Pangbo clan (逄伯), Bogu clan (薄姑), and Ju (莒).
Qingzhou is named after one of the nine provinces that appear in the Yu Gong geography chapter of the classic Book of Documents composed during the Warring States period of Chinese history (403 BC-221 BC). The history of this centuries old city dates back to ancient times twenty two centuries ago when it was part of the Dongyi area.
During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, Qingzhou belonged to the state of Qi. (According to "The Hereditary House of the Grand Duke of Qi" in Shiji, Qi’s domain extended east to the sea, west to the river, south to Muling and north to Wudi. The Qi capital was first at Yingqiu and later moved to Linzi, which was close to Qingzhou.
Imperial era
In 204 BCE during the Western Han Dynasty, the county seat of Guang County was established in what is now the southwest of urban Qingzhou. In 106 BCE, the Qingzhou Inspectorate (青州刺史部) was set up, headquartered at Linzi.
In 311 during the Western Jin, Cao Yi abandoned Guang County and built Guanggu, which then served as the seat of the Qingzhou Inspector. In 399, Murong De captured Guanggu and made it the capital of the state of Southern Yan—the only location in Shandong to have served as a dynastic capital. Later Liu Yu destroyed Southern Yan, razed Guanggu, constructed Dongyang City, and established the office of the Inspector of Northern Qingzhou there.
In 412, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Faxian landed on the south of Shandong peninsula at Laoshan, and proceeded to Qingzhou to translate and edit the scriptures he had collected in India.
In 517, the southern outer wall of Dongyang City was expanded, forming Nanyang City. In 557, during the Northern Qi era, the seat of Yidu County was moved to Dongyang City, and the Qingzhou prefectural seat was relocated to Nanyang City.
Under the Sui dynasty, it served as the headquarters of the Qingzhou General Governor’s Office, later changed to the seat of Beihai Commandery. In the early Tang it again served as the Qingzhou General Governor’s Office, and was later changed back to the seat of Beihai Commandery.
Under the Song dynasty it was the administrative seat of the Jingdong Eastern Circuit; under the Jin it was the Yidu General Administration Office of the Shandong Eastern Circuit; under the Yuan it was the seat of the Pacification Commission for the Eastern and Western Routes of Shandong.
During the Ming and Qing periods, it was the seat of Qingzhou Prefecture. From 1368 to 1377, it was the capital of Shandong Province, before it was moved to Jinan.
Modern era
In the Republic of China era it belonged to Yidu County. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it came under Changwei District (today’s Weifang).
In 1996, the County was abolished, replaced with the Qingzhou City. In the same year the discovery of over 200 buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major archaeological was found. The statues included early examples of painted figures, and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong's Song Dynasty repression of Buddhism (he favoured Taoism).[5]
Administrative divisions
As of 2012, this city is divided to 3 subdistricts and 9 towns.[6]
- Subdistricts
- Wangfu Subdistrict (王府街道)
- Yidu Subdistrict (益都街道)
- Yunmenshan Subdistrict (云门山街道)
- Towns
- Mihe (弥河镇)
- Wangfen (王坟镇)
- Miaozi (庙子镇)
- Shaozhuang (邵庄镇)
- Gaoliu (高柳镇)
- Heguan (何官镇)
- Dongxia (东夏镇)
- Tanfang (谭坊镇)
- Huanglou (黄楼镇)
Climate
| Climate data for Qingzhou, elevation 103 m (338 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) |
26.1 (79.0) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35.9 (96.6) |
38.4 (101.1) |
41.9 (107.4) |
39.6 (103.3) |
37.9 (100.2) |
39.0 (102.2) |
35.4 (95.7) |
27.4 (81.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
41.9 (107.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) |
7.2 (45.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
27.6 (81.7) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.2 (90.0) |
30.7 (87.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
20.9 (69.6) |
13.1 (55.6) |
5.7 (42.3) |
19.6 (67.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) |
1.2 (34.2) |
8.3 (46.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
21.3 (70.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
21.1 (70.0) |
14.2 (57.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
0.0 (32.0) |
13.7 (56.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.1 (21.0) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
2.3 (36.1) |
8.4 (47.1) |
14.8 (58.6) |
19.4 (66.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
21.8 (71.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
8.9 (48.0) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
8.6 (47.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −15.3 (4.5) |
−13.2 (8.2) |
−7.6 (18.3) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
3.0 (37.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−17.3 (0.9) |
−17.3 (0.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 8.8 (0.35) |
15.0 (0.59) |
14.4 (0.57) |
31.2 (1.23) |
55.9 (2.20) |
76.2 (3.00) |
137.6 (5.42) |
198.2 (7.80) |
57.8 (2.28) |
32.3 (1.27) |
32.6 (1.28) |
12.0 (0.47) |
672 (26.46) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 7.0 | 8.3 | 12.1 | 11.7 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 76.7 |
| Average snowy days | 4.6 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 | 2.9 | 14.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 57 | 54 | 48 | 49 | 55 | 60 | 74 | 78 | 71 | 65 | 63 | 58 | 61 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 170.2 | 171.6 | 220.0 | 240.2 | 266.6 | 240.0 | 208.5 | 199.8 | 203.5 | 200.6 | 171.1 | 170.6 | 2,462.7 |
| Percentage possible sunshine | 55 | 56 | 59 | 61 | 61 | 55 | 47 | 48 | 55 | 58 | 56 | 57 | 56 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration[7][8] | |||||||||||||
Tourism
Attractions
- Fan Gongting an ancient pavilion built in Song Dynasty. It was a private garden of Fan Zhongyan who was the most notable poet and prosaist in an age of lively literature prosperous.
- A Muslim district, including at least two large and historic mosques. The oldest one is the Zhenjiao Mosque (Chinese: 真教寺; pinyin: Zhēnjiào Sì). It dates back to 1302 and is one of the three most well-known mosques of the Yuan dynasty.[9]
- Ou Yuan, a Ming Dynasty garden. It turned to be a combination of park and zoo, and is used as a performance area for citizens in the dawn and nightfall.
- Qingzhou Museum, featuring some of the Buddhist statues unearthed in 1996–7
- Tuoshan ("Camel Mountain") and Yunmenshan ("Cloud Gate Mountain") a pair of mountains which include an ancient collection of Buddhist grottoes under national protection. The mountains are located approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) southwest of the city center, with a single gondola servicing both. (the coordinates of the peak are 36°38′54.9″N 118°27′27.5″E / 36.648583°N 118.457639°E).
- Yang Tian, a natural park with marvelous surface features. It is covered by virgin forest, through which crystal rivers are flowing, and dotted with quantities of natural rock cavities. What makes this park more amazing is the so-called thousand Buddha's cave, which is considered as the first cave for the Buddhas. This is because of the huge volume of the cavern and the 1048 Buddhas in it that are in different postures and look extraordinarily vivid.
References
- ^ "国家旅游局公示新一批5A景区 20家景区上榜（高清组图）【12】--旅游--人民网". 人民网. Archived from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
- ^ "非遗常驻青州古城 活态传承演绎文风习习(组图)-中新网". 中国新闻网. Archived from the original on 2021-07-16. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
- ^ "游客人身财产安全事件频发 丽江古城被严重警告-中新网". 中国新闻网. Archived from the original on 2021-07-16. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
- ^ "国家旅游局公示 20家景区即将挂牌5A_科教_央视网(cctv.com)". CCTV. Archived from the original on 2021-07-17. Retrieved 2021-07-13.
- ^ Royal Academy of Arts exhibition brochure: "Return of the Buddha. The Qingzhou discoveries" Archived October 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ 潍坊市-行政区划网 (in Chinese). XZQH. Retrieved 2012-05-24.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
- ^ Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (2015). China's Early Mosques. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-4744-3721-9.
| National Famous Historical and Cultural Cities in Shandong Province |
| Qufu | Jinan | Qingdao | Liaocheng | Zoucheng | Linzi | Tai'an | Yantai | Penglai | Qingzhou |