Protomarctus
| Protomarctus Temporal range: Miocene, Hemingfordian
| |
|---|---|
| Holotype of P. optatus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Canidae |
| Subfamily: | †Borophaginae |
| Tribe: | †Borophagini |
| Genus: | †Protomarctus Wang et al., 1999 |
| Species: | †P. optatus
|
| Binomial name | |
| †Protomarctus optatus Matthew, 1924
| |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Protomarctus is an extinct monospecific genus of borophagine canid native to North America. It lived during the Middle Miocene 16.0—13.6 Mya, existing for approximately 2.4 million years.[1][2]
Description
Crania
Generally, Protomarctus is less robust than the related Tomarctus in proportions of the skull.[3] The nasal sinus of Protomarctus is multichambered and passes the frontal-parietal suture, and is separated by partial septa on the frontal bone. Unlike later borophagines, the postorbital process of Protomarctus is significantly less enlarged, the forehead is less domed and the palate is more narrow. The premaxillary process contacts the nasal process of the frontal bone, and the nuchal crest is expanded to the point where it surpasses the occipital condyle. Protomarctus is also smaller than most other borophagines, though it is around 27% larger than Microtomarctus.[4] The molar morphology of Protomarctus is primitive compared to other borophagines.[3][4]
Postcrania
Postcranial material of Protomarctus is known, namely limb bones and phalanges, though they have yet to be described in detail.[4]
Paleoecology
Protomarctus is known from the Sheep Creek formation in Nebraska, the Zia formation in New Mexico as well as the Round Mountain Silt in California. Round Mountain Silt, being a coastal locality, has fossils from both marine and terrestrial fauna; with fish, marine mammals and countless terrestrial mammals being found alongside Protomarctus. The rhinoceros Aphelops, the horses Anchitherium and Merychippus, the protoceratid Prosynthetoceras as well as the amphicyonid Pliocyon are all known to have coexisted with Protomarctus.[5][6][4]
Classification
Currently grouped within Borophaginae, Protomarctus was originally named Tomarctus optatus, but was split on morphological grounds.[4]
References
- ^ PaleoBiology Database: Protomarctus
- ^ Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Antón, Mauricio (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/wang13528.
- ^ a b Matsumoto, Hikoshichirō; Matthew, William Diller; Thomson, Albert (1924). A Revision of Palaeomastodon: Dividing it Into Two Genera, and with Descriptions of Two New Species (Third contribution to the Snake Creek fauna. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 50, article 2). order of the Trustees, The American Museum of Natural History.
- ^ a b c d e Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard; Taylor, Beryl (1999-01-01). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora: Canidae)". University of Nebraska State Museum: Mammalogy Papers.
- ^ Liter, Matthew; Prothero, Donald; O'Connor, Jingmai. "Land Mammals from the Middle Miocene Round Mountain Silt, Northeast of Bakersfield, California". www.searchanddiscovery.com. Retrieved 2026-03-02.
- ^ Morgan, Gary S; Lucas, Spencer G. "MIOCENE MAMMALIAN FAUNAS AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE ZIA FORMATION, NORTHERN ALBUQUERQUE BASIN, SANDOVAL COUNTY, NEW MEXICO". GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.