Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a country in Central and Southeast Europe, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west. Its capital and largest city, Zagreb, forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, with twenty counties. Other major urban centers include Split, Rijeka and Osijek. The country spans 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles), and has a population of nearly 3.9 million.
The Croats arrived in modern-day Croatia, then part of Roman Illyria, in the late 6th century. In the 7th century, they organized the territory into two duchies. Croatia was first internationally recognized as independent on 7 June 879 during the reign of Duke Branimir. Tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne. In October 1918, the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs, independent from the Habsburg Empire, was proclaimed in Zagreb, and in December 1918, it merged into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, most of Croatia was incorporated into a Nazi-installed puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia. A resistance movement led to the creation of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, which after the war became a founding member and constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991, Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia, and the War of Independence was successfully fought over the next four years.
Croatia is a republic and a parliamentary democracy. It is a member of the European Union, the Eurozone, the Schengen Area, NATO, the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, the World Trade Organization, a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean, and is currently in the process of joining the OECD. An active participant in United Nations peacekeeping, Croatia contributed troops to the International Security Assistance Force and was elected to fill a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council in the 2008–2009 term for the first time.
Croatia is a developed country with an advanced high-income economy. Service, industrial sectors, and agriculture dominate the economy. Tourism is a significant source of revenue for the country, with nearly 20 million tourist arrivals as of 2019. Since the 2000s, the Croatian government has heavily invested in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Croatia has also positioned itself as a regional energy leader in the early 2020s and is contributing to the diversification of Europe's energy supply via its floating liquefied natural gas import terminal off Krk island, LNG Hrvatska. Croatia provides social security, universal health care, and tuition fee-free primary and secondary education while supporting culture through public institutions and corporate investments in media and publishing. (Full article...)
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The Croatian Parliament (Croatian: Hrvatski sabor) or the Sabor is the unicameral legislature of Croatia. Under the terms of the Croatian Constitution, the Sabor represents the people and is vested with legislative power. The Sabor is composed of 151 members elected to a four-year term on the basis of direct, universal and equal suffrage by secret ballot. Seats are allocated according to the Croatian Parliament electoral districts: 140 members of the parliament are elected in multi-seat constituencies. An additional three seats are reserved for the diaspora and Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while national minorities have eight places reserved in parliament. The Sabor is presided over by a Speaker, who is assisted by at least one deputy speaker (usually four or five deputies).
The Sabor's powers are defined by the Constitution and they include: defining economic, legal and political relations in Croatia, preservation and use of its heritage and entering into alliances. The Sabor has the right to deploy the Croatian Armed Forces abroad, and it may restrict some constitutional rights and liberties in wartime or in cases of imminent war or following natural disasters. The Sabor amends the borders of Croatia or the Constitution, enacts legislation, passes the state budget, declares war and decides on cessation of hostilities, adopts parliamentary resolutions and bylaws, adopts long-term national security and defence strategies, implements civil supervision of the armed forces and security services, calls referendums, performs elections and appointments conforming to the constitution and applicable legislation, supervises operations of the Government and other civil services responsible to the parliament, grants amnesty for criminal offences and performs other duties defined by the constitution. (Full article...)
The following are images from various Croatia-related articles on Wikipedia.
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Image 1The Law Code of Vinodol from 1288, written in Glagolitic script, is the earliest legal text written in the Croatian language. This code regulated relations between inhabitants of the town of Vinodol and their overlords, the counts of Krk. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 2Croatia became the 28th EU member country on 1 July 2013. (from Croatia)
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Image 4Medieval Croatia (dark green) south of Gvozd Mountain shown in relation to medieval Slavonia (green) centered around Diocese of Zagreb. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 5Kingdom of Croatia c. 925, during the reign of King Tomislav (from Croatia)
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Image 6Late 9th century Church of Holy Salvation with a Carolingian westwork, built at the time of duke Branimir of Croatia. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 7Poglavnik of the Independent State of Croatia, Ante Pavelić, shakes hands with Adolf Hitler in 1941. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 8Pelješac Bridge connects the peninsula of Pelješac and through it the southernmost part, including Dubrovnik, with the Croatian mainland. (from Croatia)
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Image 11Croatian musical diva Josipa Lisac. (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 12Galešnjak island in a shape of a heart (from Croatia)
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Image 13Ethnic structure of Croatia in 2021. (from Croatia)
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Image 14A chair designed by Bernardo Bernardi in 1956. (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 15Klis Fortress in the hinterland of town of Split was one of the places that saw action during the First Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1242. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 16Ban Josip Jelačić at the opening of the first Croatian civic Parliament ( Sabor) whose deputies were elected on 5 June 1848. In earlier Sabors, members represented feudal estates rather than citizens. The Croatian tricolor flag can also be seen in the background. Dragutin Weingärtner, 1885. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 17"Remnants of the Remnants" ( Reliquiae Reliquiarum), shown on this map in yellow, represent the territory under the jurisdiction of Croatian-Slavonian Sabor at the height of the Ottoman advance (from History of Croatia)
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Image 19The historic centre of Trogir has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Site since 1997. (from Croatia)
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Image 20Savka Dabčević-Kučar, Croatian Spring participant; Europe's first female prime minister (from History of Croatia)
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Image 22Tourist cruise on the Danube river, eastern Slavonia (from Croatia)
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Image 23Clockwise from top left: The central street of Dubrovnik, the Stradun, in ruins during the Siege of Dubrovnik; the damaged Vukovar water tower, a symbol of the early conflict, flying the Croatian tricolor; soldiers of the Croatian Army getting ready to destroy a Serbian tank; the Vukovar Memorial Cemetery; a Serbian T-55 tank destroyed on the road to Drniš (from History of Croatia)
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Image 24The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was an autonomous kingdom within Austria-Hungary created in 1868 following the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement. (from Croatia)
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Image 26Croatian soldiers raising the flag on the Knin fortress at a commemoration of the Operation Storm, the Croatian military action which liberated occupied Croatian territories in 1995 (from Croatia)
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Image 27Vučedol dove – the most famous piece of bronze age Vučedol culture. (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 32Mass protests in Zagreb against the unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia in 1918 (from Croatia)
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Image 33Zagreb Cathedral in Zagreb, the capital of Croatia (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 34University of Zadar, 1396, Croatia's oldest university (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 35Rimac Automobili were designed and made in Croatia (from Croatia)
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Image 37Traditional Croatian musicians playing violins (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 38Bust of a Roman woman, found in Solin (Salona), Croatia. (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 40Varaždin, capital of Croatia between 1767 and 1776, is the seat of Varaždin county; Pictured: Old Town fortress, one of 15 Croatia's sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage tentative list (from Croatia)
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Image 41Dubrovnik is Croatia's most visited and most popular destination. (from Croatia)
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Image 42Franjo Tuđman, the 1st president of the modern independent Republic of Croatia (from History of Croatia)
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Image 43Self-portrait with Dog ( Autoportret sa psom) by Miroslav Kraljević (1910) Modern Gallery, Zagreb (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 44Zlatni Rat beach on the Island of Brač is one of the foremost spots of tourism in Croatia. (from Croatia)
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Image 45Cardinal Aloysius Stepinac with the Croatian communist leader Vladimir Bakarić at the celebration of May Day, shortly before Stepinac was arrested and convicted by the communists (from Croatia)
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Image 46Marko Marulić (18 August 1450 – 5 January 1524), Croatian poet, lawyer, judge, and Renaissance humanist who coined the term "psychology". He is the national poet of Croatia. (from Croatia)
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Image 47President Zoran Milanović with other Western leaders at the 2025 NATO Summit in The Hague, Netherlands attending discussions on security and defense cooperation within NATO. (from Croatia)
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Image 50The 1527 Cetingrad Charter, preserved in the National Archives of Austria contains seals of most distinguished Croatian nobles such as: Ivan Karlović, Nikola III Zrinski as well as seal with Croatian checkerboard. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 51Proclamation of severing ties with Austria-Hungary in front of Croatian Sabor in 1918. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 52Croatians in a caffe bars on Bogovićeva street, in Zagreb (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 53The climax of Hasan Pasha's Great Offensive was third Battle of Sisak on 22 June 1593. The battle is depicted here by Johann Weikhard von Valvasor. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 54Portal of the Trogir cathedral by sculptor Radovan, c. 1240 (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 56Ban Josip Jelačić at the opening of the first modern Croatian Parliament ( Sabor), 5 June 1848. The Croatian tricolour flag can be seen in the background. (from Croatia)
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Image 57Ozalj Castle - one of Zrinski-Frankopan conspirators center and a center of Ozalj literary-linguistic circle which produced Croatian baroque literature such as: Putni tovaruš, Gazophylacium or Gartlic za čas kratiti. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 58Pula Film Festival is held each year during summer. Its main stage is Roman amphitheatre in Pula. (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 59The woodcut by Leonhard Beck, from c. 1515, depicts the Battle of Krbava Field between the Army of Croatian nobility and Ottoman akinjis. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 61The 1835 issue of the magazine Danicza, with lyrics of what would later become the Croatian national anthem " Lijepa naša domovino" ("Our Beautiful Homeland"). (from History of Croatia)
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Image 62Croatian borders similar to those established with the Peace of Karlowitz in 1699. Although the peace treaty meant relief from Ottoman pressure, Croatia lost the compactness of its territory. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 64A map of the Istrian peninsula from the Roman map Tabula Peutingeriana, made sometime in the 4th century (from History of Croatia)
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Image 67People of Zagreb celebrating liberation on 12 May 1945 by Croatian Partisans (from Croatia)
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Image 68Novigrad Castle, near Zadar was a place where anti-court supporters held queens Mary and Elizabeth in captivity. Velebit mountain can be seen in castle's background. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 69One of the seats of 14th-century magnate Paul Šubić, in Bribir. Paul held the hereditary titles of the Ban of Croatia and Lord of Bosnia. Croatian historians sometimes refer to Paul as "the uncrowned king of Croatia". (from History of Croatia)
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Image 70Radio Zagreb, now a part of Croatian national public broadcasting company, Croatian Radiotelevision, was the first public radio station in Southeast Europe. (from Croatia)
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Image 71Tounj bridge on Jozephina road (from History of Croatia)
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Image 72Modern-day necktie, originating from cravat worn by Croatian soldiers in 17th century (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 73Iapodian headwear and other material culture from Gacka valley, Croatia. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 74The assassination of Croatian MPs in the National Assembly in Belgrade was one of the events which greatly damaged relations between Serbs and Croats in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 75Two parts of the Triune Kingdom: Croatia-Slavonia (number 17) and Dalmatia (number 5) within Austria-Hungary (from History of Croatia)
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Image 78Landscapes of Motovun in Istrian peninsula (from Croatia)
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Image 79The Split pluteus with the figure of a king, dating from the 11th century. It is hypothesized to depict a Croatian king, probably Petar Krešimir IV or Zvonimir. It was originally situated in Hollow Church. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 80The flag of Croatia was hoisted together with the flag of Europe on the building of the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs in Zagreb as a symbol of Croatia's membership in both the Council of Europe and the European Union (from History of Croatia)
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Image 81A map of 10th-century Croatian counties ( županije), as they were mentioned in De Administrando Imperio. The counties marked in blue represent the territories governed by the Croatian Ban. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 84A 16th century depiction of Vrana monastery, seat of John of Palisna. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 86University Hospital Centre Zagreb is the largest hospital in Croatia and the teaching hospital of the University of Zagreb. (from Croatia)
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Image 87Josip Broz Tito led Yugoslavia from 1944 to 1980; Pictured: Tito with the US president Richard Nixon in the White House, 1971 (from Croatia)
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Image 89Pula Arena, Roman amphitheatre located in Pula, constructed between 27 BC and AD 68. (from Croatia)
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Image 90Pluteus with the figure of king from 11th century, found in Hollow Church in Solin is thought to most likely depict a King of Croatia, probably Petar Krešimir IV or Demetrius Zvonimir. Above the sculpture, Croatian interlace can also be seen, which is a common feature of Croatian pre-romanesque art. (from Culture of Croatia)
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Image 92A border marking of Illyrian Provinces on Sava river shores in modern-day Zagreb. (from History of Croatia)
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Image 93The Baška Tablet from the 11th century, written in the Croatian language and Glagolitic script. (from Culture of Croatia)
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (pronounced [ɡrǎbar kitǎːroʋitɕ] ⓘ; née Grabar; born 29 April 1968) is a Croatian politician and diplomat who served as the president of Croatia from 2015 to 2020. She was the first woman to be elected to the office since the first multi-party elections in 1990 and independence from Yugoslavia in 1991. At 46 years of age, she also became the youngest person to assume the presidency.
Before her election as President of Croatia, Grabar-Kitarović held a number of governmental and diplomatic posts. She was minister of European Affairs from 2003 to 2005, the first female minister of Foreign Affairs and European Integration from 2005 to 2008, Croatian ambassador to the United States from 2008 to 2011 and assistant secretary general for public diplomacy at NATO under Secretaries General Anders Fogh Rasmussen and Jens Stoltenberg from 2011 to 2014. (Full article...)
Selected geography article -
The Sava is a river in Central and Southeast Europe, a right-bank and the longest tributary of the Danube. From its source in Slovenia, it flows through Croatia and along its border with Bosnia and Herzegovina, and finally reaches Serbia, feeding into the Danube in its capital, Belgrade.
The Sava is 990 kilometres (615 miles) long, including the 45-kilometre (28 mi) Sava Dolinka headwater rising in Zelenci, Slovenia. It is the largest tributary of the Danube by volume of water, and the second-largest after the Tisza in terms of catchment area (97713km²) and length. It drains a significant portion of the Dinaric Alps region, through the major tributaries of Drina, Bosna, Kupa, Una, Vrbas, Lonja, Kolubara, Bosut and Krka. The Sava is one of the longest rivers in Europe and among the longest tributaries of another river. (Full article...)
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