Polydeoxyribonucleotide

Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN), is a mixture of single-stranded oligonucleotides that was originally isolated from human placenta, but is now obtained by fractionation and purification of salmon or trout sperm DNA to remove impurities, yielding regenerative PDRN. Other sources are available but salmon or trout sperm cells are commonly used as they are easily processed and readily available DNA source. PDRN was originally developed in Italy for potential pharmaceutical applications. It is composed of a mixture of DNA fragments with a weight range of approximately 40 kDa to 1500 kDa (peaking around 350kDa in some commercial forms), corresponding to fragments of roughly 50–2000 bases in length. PDRN has antiinflammatory effects, stimulates collagen production and promotes angiogenesis, and is mainly used in pharmaceutical applications with purported anti-wrinkle and anti-aging effects, but may also have pharmaceutical applications for accelerating wound healing and tissue repair, such as in treatment of tendinopathy and diabetic foot ulcers. The mechanism of action is not well characterised but is thought to involve indirect activation of adenosine A2A receptors, upregulating expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and stimulation of the DNA salvage pathway.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]}

• Defibrotide - a similar mixture of DNA fragments purified from pig intestinal mucosa and used as an anticoagulant.
• Silk peptides - a mixture of hydrolysed silk proteins used for similar cosmetic applications.