Plants in Meitei culture

This article is about the usage of plants specifically in Meitei culture. For the worldwide perspective, see Plants in culture.

Many plants (Meitei: pāmbī)[1] play a significant role in Meitei cuisine, festivals, folklore and folktales, literature, mythology and Sanamahism, the indigenous religion of Manipur.

Sacred botanical totems

Botanical totems of the seven Meitei clans[2][3][4][5]
Clan Sacred plants Sacred leaves Sacred fruits Sacred flowers Sacred woods/timbers
Ningthouja Urum
  • thamlā
  • thangbilā
 sacred lotus (thambal)
Luwang Albizia chinensis (khok) lāyāi pineapple orchid (melei)
Khuman Egyptian crowfoot (pungphai)
Angom Indian cedar (tairel)
Moirang nauhing Butea monosperma (khānglā) Roxburgh fig (heiyit)
Kha Nganpa napu nasen Antidesma acidum (chingyensin)
Chenglei nāpi singbi
  • changbilā
  • thamlā
 longleaf logwood (nongleisang)

Plants used in rites and rituals

Safflowers and (Meitei: kushumlei) and irises (kombirei) are used as decorations during the Sajibu Cheiraoba (Lunar Near Year) celebrations.[6] The iris represents love, life and death.[7][8] It is frequently mentioned in the Meitei folktales and folk songs.[9] In honor of the iris, the Government of Manipur holds an annual Kombirei Festival, with the aim of to preserving the natural habitats of Manupuri flowers like the kombirei.[10][11]

Real plants mentioned in old texts

Cape jasmine

Giving reference to Meitei King Khagemba and the Manipur Kingdom, the beauty and grace of Lei Kabok flower, also called Kabok Lei (Gardenia jasminoides, cape jasmine), is described by Meitei King Charairongba, in his book, the "Leiron", as follows:

It is a flower that remains ever fresh as not eaten by worms and is fondly sought after in the four corners of the country, eight directions, nay in all quarters. It is distinct for its beautiful shape, its tender stalk and for its pure white colour. It is a flower once nurtured by King Khagemba who preferred to take it with him even for his long home. It is a flower that comes handy to both boys and girls as a present of love. Such a luscious flower has blossomed forth in an unending array of white and definitely the season is of this flower.[12]

Real plants mentioned in folklore

Colocasia/Taro plantation folktale

In Meitei mythology and Meitei folklore of Kangleipak (Meitei for 'Manipur'), Pān (Meitei for 'Colocasia' / 'Taro') plants are mentioned. In the Meitei folktale of the Hanuba Hanubi Paan Thaaba (Meitei for 'Old Man and Old Woman planting Colocasia' / 'Taro'),[13][14][15] an old aged lonely couple, who have no youths in their family, were deceived by some trickster monkeys, regarding the planting of the Colocasia/Taro plants in a very different unusual style of plantation.[16][17][18] The old couple agreed to do the monkeys' advices, peeling off the best tubers of the plants, then boiling them in a pot until softened and after cooling them off, wrapping them in banana leaves and putting them inside the soils of the grounds.[19][20] In the middle of the night, the monkeys secretly came into the farm and ate all the well cooked plants. After their eating, they (monkeys) planted some inedible giant wild plants in the place where the old couple had placed the cooked plant tubers. In the morning, the old couple were amazed to see the plants getting fully grown up just after one day of planting the tubers. They were unaware of the tricks of the monkeys. So, the old couple cooked and ate the inedible wild Taro plants. As a reaction of eating the wild plants, they suffered from the unbearable tingling sensation in their throats.[21][22][23]

Perspective of Mother nature

The narrative poem Hichan Hilao describes how the seventh-century King Luwang Ningthou Punshiba once told his men to cut down a tree in the forest in order to build a beautiful royal boat (Meitei: hiyang hiren). His servants found a suitable tree growing on the slope of a mountain and by the side of a river. They performed traditional customary rites and rituals before chopping down the tree the following day.

During the night, Mother Nature began to weep, fearful of losing her dear child, the tree,[24][25][26] and she lamented:

At dead of night
The mother who begot the tree
And the mother of all giant trees,
  the queen of the hill-range
And the mistress of the gorges
Took the tall and graceful tree
To her bosom and wailed:
"O my son, tall and big,
While yet an infant, a sapling
Didn't I tell you to be an ordinary tree?

The king's men have found you out
  and bought your life with gold and silver.
At daybreak, hacked at the trunk
You will be found lying prostrate.
No longer will you respond
  to your mother's call
Nor a likeness of you shall be found,
  when I survey The whole hillside.
Who shall now relieve my grief?

— Mother Nature, in Hichen Hilao, [24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Sharma, H. Surmangol (2006). "Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary". dsal.uchicago.edu (in Manipuri and English). University of Chicago. p. 115. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  2. ^ Devi, Akoijam Nirmala; Devi, Ch Umabati; Devi, Kh Susheela (2023). "Traditional flowers used by the meiteis as food and medicine". International Journal of Horticulture and Food Science. 5 (2): 30–34. doi:10.33545/26631067.2023.v5.i2a.175.
  3. ^ "Manipur Medicinal Plants – Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants in Manipur". medicinalplants.co.in. Retrieved 22 January 2026.
  4. ^ Monihar, N. (2000). Sagei Salai Apoklon (in Manipuri). India: Internet Archive; Digital Library of India.
  5. ^ Neelbir, Sairem (2004). Erat Thouram Thounirol Lairik (in Manipuri). India: Internet Archive; Digital Library of India. p. 140.
  6. ^ "Kushumlei". Manipur Medicinal Plants. 25 October 2022. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  7. ^ Irengbam Mohendra Singh (24 March 2020). "Lamphel Nawa Kombirei - Traditional offering at Cheiraoba: The most romantic flower in Manipur". e-pao.net. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  8. ^ "Transplantation efforts on to save Manipur's indigenous flower 'Kombirei'". Imphal Free Press. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  9. ^ "Iris laevigata - Water Iris". Flowers of India. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  10. ^ "Dy CM inaugurates Kombirei Festival -2021". The Sangai Express. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  11. ^ "Kombirei Festival kicks off". Pothashang News. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  12. ^ Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi. pp. 92, 93. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.
  13. ^ "Paan Thaba staged". Pothashang News. 16 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  14. ^ "Planting Taro: Subverting the Tale". Pothashang News. 7 June 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  15. ^ B. Jayantakumar Sharma (8 August 2017). "Old Couple Plants Taro :: Hanuba-hanubi paan thaba Fungawari Singbul". E-pao. Translated by Akham Gautam Singh. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  16. ^ B. Jayantakumar Sharma; Chirom Rajketan Singh (2014). "The old couple and the taro plants". Folktales of Manipur. Translated by Kamaljit Chirom. Cultural Research Centre Manipur. p. 51. ISBN 978-93-83201-14-3.
  17. ^ Oinam, James (26 May 2016). "Hanube and Hanuba". New Folktales of Manipur. Notion Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-945400-70-4.
  18. ^ Oinam, James (26 May 2016). "Hanube and Hanuba". New Folktales of Manipur. Notion Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-945400-70-4.
  19. ^ B. Jayantakumar Sharma; Chirom Rajketan Singh (2014). "The old couple and the taro plants". Folktales of Manipur. Translated by Kamaljit Chirom. Cultural Research Centre Manipur. p. 52. ISBN 978-93-83201-14-3.
  20. ^ Oinam, James (26 May 2016). "Hanube and Hanuba". New Folktales of Manipur. Notion Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-945400-70-4.
  21. ^ B. Jayantakumar Sharma; Chirom Rajketan Singh (2014). "The old couple and the taro plants". Folktales of Manipur. Translated by Kamaljit Chirom. Cultural Research Centre Manipur. p. 53. ISBN 978-93-83201-14-3.
  22. ^ Oinam, James (26 May 2016). "Hanube and Hanuba". New Folktales of Manipur. Notion Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-945400-70-4.
  23. ^ Oinam, James (26 May 2016). "Hanube and Hanuba". New Folktales of Manipur. Notion Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-945400-70-4.
  24. ^ a b Singh, Ch Manihar (1996). A History of Manipuri Literature (in English and Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi. pp. 16, 17. ISBN 978-81-260-0086-9.
  25. ^ Datta, Bīrendranātha; Śarmā, Nabīnacandra (1994). A Handbook of Folklore Material of North-East India. India: Anundoram Borooah Institute of Language, Art & Culture, Assam. p. 356.
  26. ^ Barua, Lalit Kumar (1999). Oral Tradition and Folk Heritage of North East India. India: Spectrum Publications. p. 71. ISBN 978-81-87502-02-9.
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