Penstemon hallii

Penstemon hallii
In the San Isabel National Forest

Vulnerable (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Penstemon
Species:
P. hallii
Binomial name
Penstemon hallii
Synonyms[2]

Penstemon hallii, commonly Hall's penstemon or Halls alpine penstemon, is an alpine plant that is native to just the Southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado. It has showy flowers in shades of blue or purple the appear in summer.

Description

Hall's penstemon is modest sized plant with stems that are 7 to 25 centimeters (2.8 to 9.8 in) tall, but most often 9–16 cm (3.5–6.3 in).[3] It is relatively long-lived for a penstemon with somewhat woody bases to its stems.[4] The stems can grow straight upward or outward before curving to upright and might have glandular hairs towards the ends, but are otherwise hairless and not glaucus.[3] At times the plant will grow into a mat.[5]

The basal leaves, those growing directly from the base of the plant, might be smaller or missing entirely,[3] but also can be noticeably larger than those higher up on the plant.[5] The basal leaves and the lower leaves on the stems measure 1.6–8.5 cm long and just 3–9 millimeters wide. They are spatulate to lanceolate, shaped like a spoon or the head of spear, with a tapering base. The tip of the leaves is variable, rounded, with a wide point, or a narrow one, and have no teeth on the edges. Each stem has two to four pairs of leaves attached on opposite sides. The upper ones measure 2.4–5.5 cm long and 2–5 mm wide. All the leaves are hairless except for antrorsely-scabrous edges, hairs that are rough and point upwards or forwards.[3]

Blooming occurs in the months of July and August. The inflorescence is the upper part of each stem and is normally 2–7 cm, but can be as short as 1 cm.[3] Many sources state that the flowers all face in one direction,[6][5] however in the Flora of North America it is reported that the flowers can face in all directions. The flowers are in one to seven groups, formally called verticillasters, with two paired attachment points. Each of the attachment points can have one to four flowers.[3]

The flowers are variable in color, reddish-purple, lilac, somewhat pink, or pale blue, with reddish-purple floral guide lines and sticky glandular hairs on the exterior.[7][5] They resemble two lipped bell flowers with their abruptly inflated throats.[8] Overall they measure 1.4–2.5 cm long with the mouth having a diameter of 6–7 mm. The stamens do not extend out of the flower,[3] but the sterile staminode often often extends out of the mouth,[9] with a length of 10–15 mm.[3] The staminode is moderately to densely covered in golden-yellow hairs.[3]

The fruit is a capsule that is 6–9 mm long and 4–7 mm wide.[3]

The flowers resemble those of grayleaf creeping penstemon (Penstemon teucrioides), another Colorado mountain penstemon species. However, it generally is found under timberline and has hairy, but not glandular, leaves and stems unlike the nearly hairless leaves of Hall's penstemon.[6]

Taxonomy

In 1862 Penstemon hallii was scientifically described and named by botanist Asa Gray. It is classified in the Penstemon genus within the family Plantaginaceae. It has one heterotypic synonym, Penstemon bakeri, which was named in 1901 by Edward Lee Greene. It has no accepted varieties.[2] According to a study of Penstemon genetics published in 2016 it is part of a small group of closely related species including upland penstemon (Penstemon saxosorum) and Penstemon mensarum.[10]

Names

Penstemon hallii was named for Elihu Hall, a professional botanical collector who arrived in Colorado in 1862 with Asa Gray who named the species for him,[11] though in first publication the genus was spelled Pentstemon.[3] It is known by several related common names including Hall's penstemon,[6] Halls alpine penstemon,[8] Hall's beardtongue,[5] and Hall's alpine beardtongue.[7]

Range and habitat

Hall's penstemon is endemic to the state of Colorado.[2] It grows in the high mountains of central Colorado as far as Jackson County in the north of the state southwards nearly to New Mexico in Conejos and Archuleta counties.[9] They are found at elevations of 2,800 to 4,000 meters (9,200 to 13,100 ft).[3]

The species is limited to areas of rock or gravel from just under timberline up into the alpine tundra.[5] They might be found in meadows, on rocky slopes, and along ridges.[7]

Conservation

When NatureServe evaluated the species in 2008 they gave it a rating of vulnerable (G3) due to the risk of habitat loss due to global warming, though it is common in its natural range.[1]

Uses

Hall's penstemons are grown by enthusiasts in rock gardens, alpine garden troughs,[12] and specialized alpine houses.[13] A number of penstemons with similar growth habits such as stiffleaf penstemon (Penstemon aridus) and grayleaf creeping penstemon are similarly grown in troughs.[14] Specialists in alpine gardening regard it as, "Quite showy and not difficult."[15] Though, like other alpine species they require care to ensure their growing substrate drains freely and they remain cool.[16] They are grown in Germany, but only recommended for gardeners with an interest in giving the plants protection against cold and damp in the winter and a well drained space with a sunny exposure.[17] It is grown from seed or propagated by division of plants in mid-spring, April in the northern hemisphere.[13]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b NatureServe 2025.
  2. ^ a b c POWO 2025.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Freeman 2020.
  4. ^ Wolfe 2023.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Heil et al. 2013, p. 720.
  6. ^ a b c Duft & Moseley 1989, p. 92.
  7. ^ a b c Guennel 1995, p. 317.
  8. ^ a b Beaūdoin 1983, p. 114.
  9. ^ a b Ackerfield 2015, p. 593.
  10. ^ Wessinger et al. 2016, p. 916–918.
  11. ^ Kelaidis 1986, p. 37.
  12. ^ Vanderpoel 1986, p. 238.
  13. ^ a b Hills 1976, p. 348.
  14. ^ Vanderpoel 1996, p. 47.
  15. ^ Beckett & Grey-Wilson 1993, p. 954.
  16. ^ Beckett & Grey-Wilson 1993, p. 948.
  17. ^ Hansen & Stahl 1993, p. 289.

Sources

Books
  • Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado (First ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-889878-45-4. OCLC 910162216.
  • Beaūdoin, Viola Kneeland (1983). The Beaūdoin Easy Method of Identifying Wildflowers : Over 475 Mountain Flowers. Aurora, Colorado: Evergreen Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-9611960-0-4. OCLC 10753372. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
  • Beckett, Kenneth A.; Grey-Wilson, Christopher; Alpine Garden Society (Great Britain), eds. (1993). Encyclopaedia of Alpines. Vol. Two (L–Z). Pershore, England: AGS Publications. ISBN 978-0-900048-63-0. OCLC 29707512. Retrieved 30 October 2025.
  • Duft, Joseph F.; Moseley, Robert K. (1989). Alpine Wildflowers of the Rocky Mountains. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press. ISBN 978-0-87842-238-8. OCLC 19325552. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  • Guennel, G. K. (1995). Guide to Colorado Wildflowers. Vol. 2 Mountains. Englewood, Colorado: Westcliffe. ISBN 978-1-56579-118-3. OCLC 34112646. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  • Hansen, Richard; Stahl, Friedrich (1993). Perennials and Their Garden Habitats. Translated by Ward, Richard (Fourth, English ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-222-6. OCLC 28241002. Retrieved 30 October 2025.
  • Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Steve L. Jr.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah (First ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. ISBN 978-1-930723-84-9. ISSN 0161-1542. LCCN 2012949654. OCLC 859541992. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  • Hills, Lawrence Donegan (1976). The Propagation of Alpines. Sakonnet, Rhode Island: Theophrastus. ISBN 978-0-913728-11-6. OCLC 2074286. Retrieved 30 October 2025.
  • Kelaidis, Panayoti (1986). "Chapter 3: The Botanical Discovery of the Rockies". In Williams, Jean Taylor; Kelaidis, Gwen; Kelaidis, Panayoti; Pachuta, Patricia A. (eds.). Rocky Mountain Alpines : Choice Rock Garden Plants of the Rocky Mountains in the Wild and in the Garden (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-058-1. OCLC 14561962. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  • Vanderpoel, Waid R. (1986). "Chapter 29: Rocky Mountain Alpines in Troughs". In Williams, Jean Taylor; Kelaidis, Gwen; Kelaidis, Panayoti; Pachuta, Patricia A. (eds.). Rocky Mountain Alpines : Choice Rock Garden Plants of the Rocky Mountains in the Wild and in the Garden (First ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-058-1. OCLC 14561962. Retrieved 28 October 2025.
  • Vanderpoel, Waid (1 January 1996). "Troughts: A Few More Comments". In Kelaidis, Gwen; Fingerut, Joyce (eds.). Handbook on Troughs (Reprinted From the Bulletin of the American Rock Garden Society). Raleigh, North Carolina: North American Rock Garden Society. OCLC 36860470. Retrieved 30 October 2025.
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