Parvocellular neurosecretory cell
Parvocellular neurosecretory cells are small neurons that produce hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in various nuclei of the hypothalamus or in closely related areas of the basal brain, mainly in the medial zone of the hypothalamus.[1][2] The majority of the axons of the parvocellular neurosecretory cells project to the median eminence, at the base of the brain, where their nerve terminals release the hypothalamic hormones.[1][3] These hormones are then diffuse into the blood vessels of the hypothalamo-pituitary portal system, which carry them to the anterior pituitary gland, where they regulate the secretion of hormones into the systemic circulation.[1][4][5]
Types
The parvocellular neurosecretory cells include those that make:
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which acts as the primary regulator of TSH release[6][7]
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which acts as the primary regulator of ACTH[8][9][10]
- Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which acts as the primary regulator of growth hormone release[11][12]
- Somatostatin, which acts as a regulator of growth hormone release[13]
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which acts as the primary regulator of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release[14]
- Dopamine, which acts as the primary regulator of prolactin release[15][16]
See also
- Paraventricular nucleus
- Magnocellular neurosecretory cell
- List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
References
- ^ a b c Hall, John E. (2021). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Michael E. Hall (14th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. pp. 931–932. ISBN 978-0-323-59712-8. OCLC 1129099861.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Splittgerber, Ryan (2019). Snell's Clinical Neuroanatomy. Richard S. Preceded by Snell (8th ed.). Philadelphia. pp. 379–380. ISBN 978-1-4963-4675-9. OCLC 1045082168.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Iremonger, Karl J. "Plasticity and neuromodulation of neuroendocrine nerve terminals". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 38 (1) e70110. doi:10.1111/jne.70110. ISSN 1365-2826. PMID 41251401.
- ^ Le Tissier, Paul; Campos, Pauline; Lafont, Chrystel; Romanò, Nicola; Hodson, David J.; Mollard, Patrice. "An updated view of hypothalamic-vascular-pituitary unit function and plasticity". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 13 (5): 257–267. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.193. ISSN 1759-5037. PMID 27934864.
- ^ Perez-Castro, Carolina; Renner, Ulrich; Haedo, Mariana R.; Stalla, Gunter K.; Arzt, Eduardo. "Cellular and molecular specificity of pituitary gland physiology". Physiological Reviews. 92 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1152/physrev.00003.2011. ISSN 1522-1210. PMID 22298650.
- ^ Ghamari-Langroudi, M.; Vella, K. R.; Srisai, D.; Sugrue, M. L.; Hollenberg, A. N.; Cone, R. D. (13 October 2010). "Regulation of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone-Expressing Neurons in Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus by Signals of Adiposity". Molecular Endocrinology. 24 (12): 2366–2381. doi:10.1210/me.2010-0203. PMC 2999480. PMID 20943814.
- ^ Fekete, Csaba; Lechan, Ronald M. "Central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions". Endocrine Reviews. 35 (2): 159–194. doi:10.1210/er.2013-1087. ISSN 1945-7189. PMC 3963261. PMID 24423980.
- ^ Lennard, DE; Eckert, WA; Merchenthaler, I (April 1993). "Corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the paraventricular nucleus project to the external zone of the median eminence: a study combining retrograde labeling with immunocytochemistry". Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 5 (2): 175–81. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.1993.tb00378.x. PMID 8485552. S2CID 9640772.
- ^ Sawchenko, PE; Swanson, LW; Vale, WW (March 1984). "Co-expression of corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin immunoreactivity in parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the adrenalectomized rat". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 81 (6): 1883–7. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.1883S. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.6.1883. PMC 345027. PMID 6369332.
- ^ Kim, Joon S.; Han, Su Young; Iremonger, Karl J. (2019-12-13). "Stress experience and hormone feedback tune distinct components of hypothalamic CRH neuron activity". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 5696. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-13639-8. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6911111. PMID 31836701.
- ^ de Sousa, Ligia M. M.; Vicente, Vanielle A. N.; Donato, Jose (2025-09-08). "Negative Feedback Loops and Hormonal Factors that Regulate GH Secretion". Endocrinology. 166 (10) bqaf139. doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaf139. ISSN 1945-7170. PMID 40908533.
- ^ Dieguez, Carlos; López, Miguel; Casanueva, Felipe. "Hypothalamic GHRH". Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 26 (3): 297–303. doi:10.1007/s11154-025-09951-y. ISSN 1573-2606. PMC 12137398. PMID 39913072.
- ^ Montero-Hidalgo, Antonio J.; Del Rio-Moreno, Mercedes; Pérez-Gómez, Jesús M.; Luque, Raúl M.; Kineman, Rhonda D. "Update on regulation of GHRH and its actions on GH secretion in health and disease". Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders. 26 (3): 305–320. doi:10.1007/s11154-025-09943-y. ISSN 1573-2606. PMID 39838154.
- ^ Herbison, Allan E. "Control of puberty onset and fertility by gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 12 (8): 452–466. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.70. ISSN 1759-5037. PMID 27199290.
- ^ Freeman, ME; Kanyicska, B; Lerant, A; Nagy, G (October 2000). "Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion". Physiological Reviews. 80 (4): 1523–631. doi:10.1152/physrev.2000.80.4.1523. PMID 11015620.
- ^ Phillipps, Hollian R.; Yip, Siew H.; Grattan, David R. (2020-02-15). "Patterns of prolactin secretion". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 502 110679. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2019.110679. ISSN 1872-8057. PMID 31843563.