PKS 1413+135

PKS 1413+135
PKS 1413+135 by DESI Legacy Surveys
Observation data (J2000.0 epoch)
ConstellationBoötes
Right ascension14h 15m 58.81s[1]
Declination+13° 20′ 23.71″[1]
Redshift0.246710[1]
Heliocentric radial velocity73,962 km/s ± 3[1]
Distance3.015 Gly
Apparent magnitude (V)20.00
Apparent magnitude (B)21.05
Characteristics
TypeBLLAC[1]
Size~179,000 ly (54.8 kpc) (estimated)[1]
Other designations
1413+135, LEDA 2827904, 2MASS J14155881+1320235, IVS B1413+135, OQ +122, NVSS J141558+132024, WB J1415+1320, RFC J1415+1320[1]

PKS 1413+135 is a BL Lacertae object[2][3] located in the constellation of Boötes. The redshift of the object is (z) 0.246[1] and it was first discovered by a group of astronomers in April 1991 who found it was hosted by a disc galaxy, with later studies confirming it to be a spiral galaxy, making this exceptionally rare for any BL Lac host galaxies.[4][5][6][7] It also contains a radio spectrum that appears as mainly flat, similar to most blazars.[8]

Description

PKS 1413+135 is categorized as an edge-on spiral galaxy of Sa morphology based on Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging, with a long dust lane penetrating through the middle section with a central bulge feature.[9][8] Further imaging also found the nuclear regions of the galaxy are mainly peanut-shaped with the central bar feature that extends by 0.5 arcseconds in perpendicular direction as the dust lane. The central nucleus of the galaxy has a reddened appearance.[10]

The source of PKS 1413+135 is relatively compact, with a highly inverted radio core and traces of radio emission at the same position of it and also towards the northwest.[11] There is a lack of any kiloparsec-scale extended structures based on radio imaging made by the Very Large Array (VLA).[12]

Radio imaging made with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at 15 GHz frequencies has found there is a radio jet present, going westwards by three milliarcseconds before bending. There is also a counterjet feature located at the position angle that is similar to the minilobe feature that is located east and also by 180° where the jet first emerged from. A slight extension is found at 43 GHz frequencies.[10] VLBA imaging also suggested that PKS 1413+135 is also a young source, with a complex morphology that is similar to those sources that have compact symmetrical object (CSO) morphology.[13] Molecular absorption clouds have been discovered towards the galaxy.[14]

Studies have also classified PKS 1413+135 as a blazar.[15][16] It is noted to be highly variable, displaying extreme gamma-ray activity on 29 August 2019, with its average daily flux reaching around 4.8 ± 1.5 x 10-7 photons cm-2 s-1.[17] On 13 January 2022, a gamma ray flare was shown to be emitted from the galaxy with the daily average flux of 2.2 ± 0.7 x 10-7 photons cm-2 s-1.[18] More gamma-ray activity has been reported in 2023 and 2025 respectively.[19][20]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "NED Search results for PKS 1413+135". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Retrieved 2025-12-27.
  2. ^ Romanishin, W. (Dec 1992). "The BL Lacertae Object 1E 1415.6+2557: Host Galaxy, Possible Optical Jet, and Environment". The Astrophysical Journal. 401: L65. Bibcode:1992ApJ...401L..65R. doi:10.1086/186672. ISSN 0004-637X.
  3. ^ Combes, F.; Gupta, N.; Muller, S.; Balashev, S.; Deka, P. P.; Emig, K. L.; Klöckner, H.-R.; Klutse, D.; Knowles, K.; Mohapatra, A.; Momjian, E.; Noterdaeme, P.; Petitjean, P.; Salas, P.; Srianand, R. (2023-03-01). "PKS 1413+135: OH and H I at z = 0.247 with MeerKAT". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 671: A43. arXiv:2211.09355. Bibcode:2023A&A...671A..43C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245482. ISSN 0004-6361.
  4. ^ McHardy, I. M.; Abraham, R. G.; Crawford, C. S.; Ulrich, M.-H.; Mock, P. C.; Vanderspeck, R. K. (April 1991). "PKS 1413+135 : a BL Lac object in a disc galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 249 (4): 742–747. Bibcode:1991MNRAS.249..742M. doi:10.1093/mnras/249.4.742. ISSN 0035-8711.
  5. ^ Stocke, John T.; Wurtz, Ron; Wang, Qingde; Elston, Richard; Jannuzi, Buell T. (Nov 1992). "The BL Lacertae Object PKS 1413+135: Is It within or behind a Spiral Galaxy?". The Astrophysical Journal. 400: L17. Bibcode:1992ApJ...400L..17S. doi:10.1086/186638. ISSN 0004-637X.
  6. ^ Wurtz, Ron; Stocke, John T.; Ellingson, E.; Yee, H. K. C. (1997-05-10). "The Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Imaging Survey of BL Lacertae Objects. II. Clustering Environments". The Astrophysical Journal. 480 (2): 547–561. Bibcode:1997ApJ...480..547W. doi:10.1086/304006. ISSN 0004-637X.
  7. ^ Lamer, G.; Newsam, A. M.; McHardy, I. M. (1999-11-11). "The unusual host galaxy of the BL Lac object PKS 1413+135". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 309 (4): 1085–1088. arXiv:astro-ph/9906447. Bibcode:1999MNRAS.309.1085L. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02925.x. ISSN 0035-8711.
  8. ^ a b McHardy, I. M.; Merrifield, M. R.; Abraham, R. G.; Crawford, C. S. (June 1994). "Hubble Space Telescope observations of the BL Lac object PKS 1413+135 : the host galaxy revealed". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 268: 681–689. doi:10.1093/mnras/268.3.681. ISSN 0035-8711.
  9. ^ Wurtz, Ron; Stocke, John T.; Yee, H. K. C. (March 1996). "The Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Imaging Survey of BL Lacertae Objects. I. Properties of the Host Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 103: 109. Bibcode:1996ApJS..103..109W. doi:10.1086/192271. ISSN 0067-0049.
  10. ^ a b Perlman, Eric S.; Stocke, John T.; Carilli, Chris L.; Sugiho, Masahiko; Tashiro, Makoto; Madejski, Greg; Wang, Q. Daniel; Conway, John (Nov 2002). "The Apparent Host Galaxy of PKS 1413+135: Hubble Space Telescope, ASCA and Very Long Baseline Array Observations". The Astronomical Journal. 124 (5): 2401–2412. arXiv:astro-ph/0208167. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.2401P. doi:10.1086/344109. ISSN 0004-6256.
  11. ^ Dodson, R.; Fomalont, E. B.; Wiik, K.; Horiuchi, S.; Hirabayashi, H.; Edwards, P. G.; Murata, Y.; Asaki, Y.; Moellenbrock, G. A.; Scott, W. K.; Taylor, A. R.; Gurvits, L. I.; Paragi, Z.; Frey, S.; Shen, Z.-Q. (April 2008). "The VSOP 5 GHz Active Galactic Nucleus Survey. V. Imaging Results for the Remaining 140 Sources". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 175 (2): 314–355. arXiv:0710.5707. Bibcode:2008ApJS..175..314D. doi:10.1086/525025. ISSN 0067-0049.
  12. ^ Perlman, Eric S.; Stocke, John T.; Shaffer, David B.; Carilli, Chris L.; Ma, Chopo (April 1994). "High Dynamic Range Radio Observations of PKS 1413+135: A BL Lacertae Object with a Parsec-Scale Counterjet". The Astrophysical Journal. 424: L69. Bibcode:1994ApJ...424L..69P. doi:10.1086/187277. ISSN 0004-637X.
  13. ^ Perlman, Eric S.; Carilli, Chris L.; Stocke, John T.; Conway, John (May 1996). "Multifrequency VLBI Observations of PKS 1413+135: A Very Young Radio Galaxy". The Astronomical Journal. 111: 1839. Bibcode:1996AJ....111.1839P. doi:10.1086/117922. ISSN 0004-6256.
  14. ^ Wiklind, T.; Combes, F. (Dec 1997). "Molecular absorption lines at high redshift: PKS 1413+135 (z=0.247)". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 328: 48–68. arXiv:astro-ph/9708051. Bibcode:1997A&A...328...48W. ISSN 0004-6361.
  15. ^ "ATel #15161: First detection of very-high-energy gamma-ray emission from PKS1413+135 with the MAGIC telescopes". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 2025-12-27.
  16. ^ Readhead, A. C. S.; Ravi, V.; Liodakis, I.; Lister, M. L.; Singh, V.; Aller, M. F.; Blandford, R. D.; Browne, I. W. A.; Gorjian, V.; Grainge, K. J. B.; Gurwell, M. A.; Hodges, M. W.; Hovatta, T.; Kiehlmann, S.; Lähteenmäki, A. (2021-01-29). "The Relativistic Jet Orientation and Host Galaxy of the Peculiar Blazar PKS 1413+135". The Astrophysical Journal. 907 (2): 61. arXiv:2012.04045. Bibcode:2021ApJ...907...61R. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd08c. ISSN 0004-637X.
  17. ^ "ATel #13049: Fermi-LAT detection of gamma-ray flaring activity from the peculiar radio source PKS 1413+135". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 2025-12-27.
  18. ^ "ATel #15163: Fermi LAT detection of renewed GeV gamma-ray activity of PKS 1413+135". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 2025-12-27.
  19. ^ "ATel #16123: Fermi LAT detection of renewed gamma-ray activity from PKS 1413+135". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 2025-12-27.
  20. ^ "ATel #17155: Fermi-LAT detection of enhanced gamma-ray activity from PKS 1413+135". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 2025-12-27.
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