Oxygen transmission rate

Oxygen transmission rate (OTR) is the measurement of the amount of oxygen gas that passes through a substance over a given period. It is mostly carried out on non-porous materials, where the mode of transport is diffusion, but there are a growing number of applications where the transmission rate also depends on flow through apertures of some description.

It relates to the permeation of oxygen through packaging[1] to sensitive foods and pharmaceuticals.

Measurement

Standard test methods are available for measuring the oxygen transmission rate of packaging materials.[2][3][4] Completed packages, however, involve heat seals, creases, joints, and closures which often reduce the effective barrier of the package. For example, the glass of a glass bottle may have an effective total barrier but the screw cap closure and the closure liner might not.

ASTM standard test methods include:

  • F3136 Standard Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate through Plastic Film and Sheeting using a Dynamic Accumulation Method
  • D3985 Standard Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric Sensor
  • F1307 Standard Test Method for Oxygen Transmission Rate Through Dry Packages Using a Coulometric Sensor
  • F1927 Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate, Permeability and Permeance at Controlled Relative Humidity Through Barrier Materials Using a Coulometric Detector
  • F2622 Standard Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using Various Sensors

Other test methods include:

  • The ambient oxygen ingress rate method (AOIR) an alternative method for measuring the oxygen transmission rates (OTR) of whole packages

Wine

Also a factor of increasing awareness in the debate surrounding wine closures, natural corks show small variation in their oxygen transmission rate, which in turn translates to a degree of bottle variation.[5]

See also

References

  • Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
  • Massey, L K, "Permeability Properties of Plastics and Elastomers", 2003, Andrew Publishing, ISBN 978-1-884207-97-6
  • Sanghyun Lee "Mass Transfer" Konkuk University, 2017
  • Hanne Larsen, Achim Kohlr and Ellen Merethe Magnus, "Ambient oxygen ingress rate method", John Wilew & Sons, Packaging Technology and Science, Volume 13 Issue 6, Pages 233–241
Footnotes
  1. ^ Hua, Qi; Huang, Zhixin; Gou, Jinsheng; Zhang, Huaiyu; Therrien, Isabella; Wu, Jie; Liang, Yalan; Renneckar, Scott (November 2024). "Harnessing the synergistic power of lignin-Ecoflex blends for enhanced performance in food packaging". Chemical Engineering Journal. 499 156139. Bibcode:2024ChEnJ.49956139H. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2024.156139.
  2. ^ An, L.; Hu, X.; Perkins, P.; Ren, T. (2022). "A Sustainable and Antimicrobial Food Packaging Film for Potential Application in Fresh Produce Packaging". Frontiers in Nutrition. 9 924304. doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.924304. PMC 9301339. PMID 35873444.
  3. ^ Kozakiewicz, G.; Małajowicz, J.; Karwacka, M.; Ciurzyńska, A.; Szulc, K.; Żelazko, A.; Janowicz, M.; Galus, S. (2025). "The Effects of Gamma-Decalactone on the Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Pectin-Based Packaging Films". Materials (Basel, Switzerland). 18 (16): 3831. Bibcode:2025Mate...18.3831K. doi:10.3390/ma18163831. PMC 12387539. PMID 40870148.
  4. ^ "Oxygen and Water Vapour Permeability". smithers.com. Retrieved 2026-02-01.
  5. ^ Goode, Jamie, Ph.D. Wines & Vines (August 2008). "Finding Closure". Archived from the original on 2009-04-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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