Oleoresin
Oleoresin is a terpene-rich defensive secretion of conifer trees, composed of a volatile turpentine fraction, and a semi-solid resin and essential or fatty oil.[1] The oleoresin of conifers are known as crude turpentine or gum turpentine, which consists of oil of turpentine and rosin.[2]
Oleoresin yields are affected by extrinsic factors, such as soil fertility, temperature, relative humidity and precipitation, and by intrinsic factors, such as genetics, age, size, health, and competition.[3]
In kraft pulping, conifer woodchips are cooked with chemicals to extract cellulose fiber, oleoresin is also extracted as a tall oil byproduct.[4] Industrial oleoresin derivatives are versatile:
- Rosin & derivatives
- Adhesives, sizing, tackifiers, plasticizers, printing inks.
- Turpentine
- Solvents in coatings, paints.
- Fatty acids
- Soap, detergents, lubricants, drilling fluids.
When the oleoresin of the balsam fir tree (Abies balsamea) is dissolved in xylene and used for making permanent microscope slides, it is called Canada balsam.[5]
Oleoresin capsicum
An extract from chili (Capsicum) peppers. Capsaicinoid fractions are obtained by evaporating relevant solvents.[6] Capsaicinoids cause dermatitis as well as nasal, ocular, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal effects in humans.[7]
Processing of oleoresin capsicum is conducted on a large scale, especially in China (400,000 tons per year in the 1990s).[8]
Paprika oleoresin
A paprika extract, also known as capsanthin or capsorubin, obtained from the dried fruits of (capsicum annuum) paprika peppers, primarily used as a coloring agent in foods and, to a lesser extent animal feeds.[9] Also known to be used in the manufacture of soaps of cosmetics, a well-known pipe thread sealant, Rectorseal #5, is stated to have an "oleoresinous base".
References
- ^ Celedon, Jose M.; Bohlmann, Jörg (2019). "Oleoresin defenses in conifers: chemical diversity, terpene synthases and limitations of oleoresin defense under climate change". New Phytologist. 224 (4): 1444–1463. doi:10.1111/nph.15984.
- ^ "Turpentine". Britannica. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
- ^ Fett-Neto, Arthur G.; Rodrigues-Corrêa, Kelly C. S. (January 2012). "Anatomical aspects of resin canals and oleoresin production in pine trees". In Arthur G. Fett-Neto; Kelly C. S. Rodrigues-Corrêa (eds.). Pine Resin: Biology, Chemistry and Applications. p. 16. ISBN 9788130804934.
- ^ Gullichsen, Johan; Paulapuro, Hannu (2000). "18". Chemical Pulping. Papermaking Science and Technology. Vol. 6B. Finland. pp. B378–B388. ISBN 952-5216-06-3.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Gage, Simon Henry (1941). The Microscope (17 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Comstock. p. 443. OCLC 547782.
- ^ Commission, British Pharmacopoeia (2009), "EXTRACTS", British Pharmacopoeia, vol. 3, Stationery Office, ISBN 978-0-11-322799-0
- ^ Satpute, Ravindra M.; Kushwaha, Pramod K.; Nagar, D. P.; Rao, P. V. L. (February 2018). "Comparative safety evaluation of riot control agents of synthetic and natural origin". Inhalation Toxicology. 30 (2): 89–97. doi:10.1080/08958378.2018.1451575.
- ^ Lars-Hugo Norlin (2002). "Tall Oil". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a26_057. ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2.
- ^ Silva, Maria Manuela; Reboredo, Fernando Henrique; Lidon, Fernando Cebola (2022). "Food Colour Additives: A Synoptical Overview on Their Chemical Properties, Applications in Food Products, and Health Side Effects". Foods. 11 (3): 379. doi:10.3390/foods11030379. PMC 8834239.