Nepenthes alata
| Nepenthes alata | |
|---|---|
| Nepenthes alata upper pitcher, Mount Ambucao, near Banaue and Sagada, northern Luzon, Philippines | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Nepenthaceae |
| Genus: | Nepenthes |
| Species: | N. alata
|
| Binomial name | |
| Nepenthes alata | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Nepenthes alata (/nɪˈpɛnθiːz əˈlɑːtə/; from Latin alatus "winged") is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to the Philippines.[7][17] Like all pitcher plants, it is carnivorous and uses its nectar to attract insects that drown in the pitcher and are digested by the plant. It is highly polymorphic, and its taxonomy continues to be subject to revisions.
Description
N. alata can vary strongly in colouration and morphology. The floral formula is ✶ K4 A4+4+1* G0 for staminate (the apical stamen /*/ may not be present) and ✶ K4 A0 G(4) for pistillate flowers.[18]
Taxonomy
Nepenthes alata has long been treated as a highly polymorphic species spanning all the major islands of the Philippine archipelago (with the possible exception of Palawan).[19] Under this broad circumscription, N. alata was understood to have an altitudinal range of 0–1,900 m (0–6,234 ft) above sea level[17] and was recorded from, among others, the islands of Bohol, Camiguin, Cebu, Culion, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar,[20][21] and Sibuyan. Nepenthes alata in this broad sense (sensu lato) is one of the easiest and most popular Nepenthes in cultivation.[22]
In 2013, N. alata was redelimited by Martin Cheek and Matthew Jebb to encompass only those populations from northern and central Luzon with conspicuously hairy pitchers (a taxon known in horticultural circles as the "hairy N. alata").[7] Cheek and Jebb's N. alata sensu stricto has an altitudinal distribution of 550 m (1,800 ft) and above.[7] Under this interpretation, the more southerly plants previously referred to this species actually represent the newly resurrected N. graciliflora (the "typical N. alata" of horticulture; found on Bohol, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Panay, Samar, and Sibuyan) as well as the newly described N. negros (Biliran and Negros) and N. ramos (Mindanao).[7][23] Nepenthes viridis from Dinagat and Samar is another close relative,[24] as are N. ceciliae (Mindanao), N. copelandii (Mindanao), N. extincta (Mindanao), N. hamiguitanensis (Mindanao), N. kitanglad (Mindanao), N. kurata (Mindanao), N. leyte (Leyte), N. mindanaoensis (Dinagat and Mindanao), N. saranganiensis (Mindanao), and N. ultra (Luzon).[7][17][23][25][26][27] Together these species form the so-called "N. alata group", being united by a number of morphological characters including winged petioles, lids with basal ridges on the lower surface (often elaborated into appendages), and upper pitchers that are usually broadest near the base.[25]
Nepenthes alata is closely related to several other species, including N. copelandii, N. mindanaoensis, and N. saranganiensis. Nepenthes eustachya from Sumatra was once considered to fall within the variability of N. alata, but this was based on a misinterpretation of type specimens; these two species do not seem closely related to each other.
| Morphological character | N. alata | N. eustachya |
|---|---|---|
| Leaf blade | lanceolate-ovate | lanceolate |
| Leaf apex | acute or attenuate | rounded to sub-peltate |
| Petiole | broadly winged | scarcely or not winged |
| Spur | simple, acutely pointed | simple or bifurcate |
| Indumentum | reddish or whitish hairs | absent throughout |
| Structure of pitcher base | texture similar to rest of pitcher, abruptly attenuate to tendril | angular, woody, gradually attenuate to tendril |
Infraspecific taxa
- N. alata f. variegata Hort. ex P.Mann (1996) nom.nud.
- N. alata var. biflora Macfarl. (1908)[28] [=N. negros][7]
- N. alata var. ecristata Macfarl. (1908)[28] [=N. kurata][25]
Natural hybrids
- N. alata × N. burkei[17]
- N. alata × N. merrilliana [=N. × merrilliata][21][29]
- ? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × tsangoya]
- N. alata × N. mindanaoensis[17]
- N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata][16][30]
- ? N. alata × N. petiolata[16][30]
- N. alata × N. pulchra[19]
- N. alata × N. truncata [=N. × truncalata][29]
- N. alata × N. ventricosa [=N. × ventrata][31]
References
- ^ Clarke, C.M. (2018). "Nepenthes alata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018 e.T49120197A143972386. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T49120197A143972386.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ (in Spanish) Blanco, F.M. 1837. Nepenthes. In: Flora de Filipinas. Segun el Sistema sexual de Linneo. Sto. Thomas por D. Candido Lopez, Manila. pp. 805–809.
- ^ (in Latin) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
- ^ Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Identification and typification of Nepenthes blancoi, with N. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines". Nordic Journal of Botany. 31 (2): 151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00012.x.
- ^ Brongniart, A (1824). "Observations sur les genres Cytinus et Nepenthes". Annales des Sciences Naturelles (in French). 1: 29–52.
- ^ Danser, B.H. 1928. 1. Nepenthes alata Blanco. [pp. 258–262] In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Typification and redelimitation of Nepenthes alata with notes on the N. alata group, and N. negros sp. nov. from the Philippines". Nordic Journal of Botany. 31 (5): 616–622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.00099.x.
- ^ Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
- ^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes alata. Carnivorous Plant Database.
- ^ Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (Nepenthes) in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak.
- ^ Kurata, S (1973). "Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra". The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 26 (2): 227–232.
- ^ (in Indonesian) Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
- ^ Hopkins, M.; Maulder, R. (1990). "A real nice trip to Southeast Asia" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. 19 (1–2): 19–28. doi:10.55360/cpn191-2.mh330.
- ^ Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
- ^ Jebb, M.H.P.; Cheek, M.R. (1997). "A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae)". Blumea. 42 (1): 1–106.
- ^ a b c Cheek, M.R.; Jebb, M.H.P. (2001). "Nepenthaceae". Flora Malesiana. 15: 1–157.
- ^ a b c d e McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (2010-02-04). Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-521-49346-8.
- ^ a b McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
- ^ Suarez, W. 2011. Samar's Nepenthes alata. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, January 12, 2011.
- ^ a b Robinson, A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012.
- ^ Catalano, M. 2009. Nepenthes. In: Growing Carnivores — an Italian perspective. Prague. pp. 50–57.
- ^ a b Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Nepenthes ramos (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Mindanao, Philippines". Willdenowia. 43 (1): 107–111. doi:10.3372/wi.43.43112.
- ^ (in German) Micheler, M., T. Gronemeyer, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, W. Suarez & V. Amoroso 2013. Nepenthes viridis, eine neue Nepenthes-Art von der Insel Dinagat, Philippinen. Das Taublatt 76: 4–21.
- ^ a b c Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species". European Journal of Taxonomy (69): 1–23. doi:10.5852/ejt.2013.69.
- ^ Cheek, M.; Jebb, M. (2013). "Nepenthes ultra (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines". Blumea. 58 (3): 241–244. doi:10.3767/000651913X675124.
- ^ Mey, F.S. 2013. The Nepenthes alata group: resurrection of N. graciliflora ; N. ramos and N. negros described as new species. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, August 27, 2013.
- ^ a b Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91.
- ^ a b Mann, P (1998). "A trip to the Philippines". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. 27 (1): 6–11. doi:10.55360/cpn271.pm673.
- ^ a b Kurata, S. & M. Toyoshima 1972. Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(1): 155–158. Abstract Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Fleming, R (1979). "Hybrid Nepenthes" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. 8 (1): 10–12. doi:10.55360/cpn081.rf403.
Further reading
- Alejandro, G.J.D.; Baysa, J.P.C.; Lemana, B.O.C.; Madulara, G.M.; Madulid, R.S.; Madulid, D.A. (2007). "Conspecificity of Nepenthes alata Blco. population found in Mt. Guisguis, Zambales inferred from Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) sequence data". Acta Manilana. 55: 15–21. doi:10.3860/acta.v55i0.1482.
- Alejandro, G.J.D.; Madulid, R.S.; Madulid, D.A. (2008). "The utility of Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) sequence data for phylogenetic reconstruction in endemic Philippine Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae)". The Philippine Scientist. 45: 99–110. doi:10.3860/psci.v45i0.994.
- Amoroso, V.B.; Aspiras, R.A. (2011). "Hamiguitan Range: a sanctuary for native flora". Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 18 (1): 7–15. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2010.07.003. PMC 3730927. PMID 23961098.
- Amoroso, V.B.; Obsioma, L.D.; Arlalejo, J.B.; Aspiras, R.A.; Capili, D.P.; Polizon, J.J.A.; Sumile, E.B. (2009). "Inventory and conservation of endangered, endemic and economically important flora of Hamiguitan Range, southern Philippines". Blumea. 54 (1–3): 71–76. doi:10.3767/000651909X474113.
- An, C.-I.; Fukusaki, E.-I.; Kobayashi, A. (2001). "Plasma-membrane H+-ATPases are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco". Planta. 212 (4): 547–555. doi:10.1007/s004250000455. PMID 11525511.
- An, C.-I.; Fukusaki, E.-I.; Kobayashi, A. (2002). "Aspartic proteinases are expressed in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco". Planta. 214 (5): 661–667. doi:10.1007/s004250100665. PMID 11882933.
- An, C.-I.; Takekawa, S.; Okazawa, A.; Fukusaki, E.-I.; Kobayashi, A. (2002). "Degradation of a peptide in pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco". Planta. 215 (3): 472–477. doi:10.1007/s00425-002-0768-7. PMID 12111230.
- Bauer, U.; Clemente, C.J.; Renner, T.; Federle, W. (2012). "Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 25 (1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x. PMID 22023155.
- Bauer, U.; Federle, W. (2009). "The insect-trapping rim of Nepenthes pitchers: surface structure and function". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 4 (11): 1019–1023. doi:10.4161/psb.4.11.9664. PMC 2819508. PMID 20009546.
- Benz, M.J.; Gorb, E.V.; Gorb, S.N. (2012). "Diversity of the slippery zone microstructure in pitchers of nine carnivorous Nepenthes taxa". Arthropod-Plant Interactions. 6 (1): 147–158. doi:10.1007/s11829-011-9171-2.
- Beveridge, N.G.P.; Rauch, C.; Keßler, P.J.A.; van Vugt, R.R.; van Welzen, P.C. (2013). "A new way to identify living species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae): more data needed!". Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. 42 (4): 122–128. doi:10.55360/cpn424.nb466.
- (in Spanish) Blanco, F.M. 1845. Nepenthes. In: Flora de Filipinas, segun el sistema sexual de Linneo. Segunda impresion, corregida y aumentada por el mismo autor. D. Miguel Sanchez, Manila. pp. 555–557.
- Buch, F.; Rott, M.; Rottloff, S.; Paetz, C.; Hilke, I.; Raessler, M.; Mithöfer, A. (2012). "Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth". Annals of Botany. 111 (3): 375–383. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs287. PMC 3579442. PMID 23264234.
- Cantley, R. 2000. Nepenthes of the Philippines. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
- Cheek, M.R.; Jebb, M.H.P. (1999). "Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Palawan, Philippines". Kew Bulletin. 54 (4): 887–895. doi:10.2307/4111166. JSTOR 4111166.
- Cheers, G. 1992. Nepenthes alata. In: Letts Guide to Carnivorous Plants of the World. Letts of London House, London. p. 92.
- Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
- Co, L. & W. Suarez 2012. Nepenthaceae. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.
- Eilingsfeld, A (2008). "Endoskop-Aufnahmen aus der Verdauungsflüssigkeit einer Nepenthes alata". Das Taublatt (in German). 60: 4–7.
- Fontanilla, J.R.; Madulid, R. (2002). "Morphometric analysis of Nepenthes alata Blco. in Mt. Guisguis, Sta. Cruz, Zambales". Acta Manilana. 50: 25–31.
- Gaume, L.; Gorb, S.; Rowe, N. (2002). "Function of epidermal surfaces in the trapping efficiency of Nepenthes alata pitchers". New Phytologist. 156 (3): 479–489. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00530.x. PMID 33873580.
- Gorb, E.V.; Haas, K.; Henrich, A.; Enders, S.; Barbakadze, N.; Gorb, S. (2005). "Composite structure of the crystalline epicuticular wax layer of the slippery zone in the pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata and its effect on insect attachment". Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (24): 4651–4662. doi:10.1242/jeb.01939. PMID 16326946.
- Gorb, E.V.; Gorb, S.N. (2006). "Physicochemical properties of functional surfaces in pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata Blanco (Nepenthaceae)". Plant Biology (Stuttgart, Germany). 8 (6): 841–848. doi:10.1055/s-2006-923929. PMID 17203436.
- Gorb, E.V. & S.N. Gorb 2009. Chapter 8: Functional Surfaces in the Pitcher of the Carnivorous Plant Nepenthes alata: A Cryo-Sem Approach. In: S.N. Gorb (ed.) Functional Surfaces in Biology: Adhesion Related Phenomena. Volume 2. Springer. pp. 205–238.
- Gronemeyer, T (2008). "Nepenthes auf den Philippinen – ein Reisebericht". Das Taublatt (in German). 60: 15–27.
- Gronemeyer, T.; Heinrich, V. (2008). "Wiederentdeckung von Nepenthes surigaoensis am Naturstandort auf den Philippinen". Das Taublatt (in German). 60 (1): 28–33.
- Hatano, N.; Hamada, T. (2008). "Proteome analysis of pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata". Journal of Proteome Research. 7 (2): 809–816. doi:10.1021/pr700566d. PMID 18183948.
- Hatano, N.; Hamada, T. (2012). "Proteomic analysis of secreted protein induced by a component of prey in pitcher fluid of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata". Journal of Proteomics. 75 (15): 4844–4852. doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.048. PMID 22705321.
- Ishisaki, K.; Honda, Y.; Taniguchi, H.; Hatano, N.; Hamada, T. (2012). "Heterogonous expression and characterization of a plant class IV chitinase from the pitcher of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata". Glycobiology. 22 (3): 345–351. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwr142. PMID 21930651.
- Ishisaki, K.; Arai, S.; Hamada, T.; Honda, Y. (2012). "Biochemical characterization of a recombinant plant class III chitinase from the pitcher of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata". Carbohydrate Research. 361: 170–174. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2012.09.001. PMID 23026711.
- Kajii, E.; Kamesaki, T.; Ikemoto, S.; Miura, Y. (1988). "Decomposing enzymes against human blood-group antigens in the extract of Nepenthes alata". Die Naturwissenschaften. 75 (5): 258–259. doi:10.1007/BF00378020. PMID 3405311.
- Kajii, E.; Kamesaki, T.; Ikemoto, S. (1991). "The effect of the Nepenthes alata extract on the cold agglutinin-associated antigens". Nihon Hōigaku Zasshi. 45 (1): 30–32. PMID 2046171.
- Kamesaki, T.; Kajii, E.; Ikemoto, S. (1989). "Purification of the decomposing enzyme from Nepenthes alata against glycophorin B of human red blood cells by high-performance liquid chromatography". Journal of Chromatography. 489 (2): 384–389. doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82918-7. PMID 2666423.
- Kato, M.; Hotta, M.; Tamin, R.; Itino, T. (1993). "Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra". Tropical Zoology. 6 (1): 11–25. doi:10.1080/03946975.1993.10539206.
- Kiew, R.G. (1990). "Pitcher plants of Gunung Tahan". Journal of Wildlife and National Parks (Malaysia). 10: 34–37.
- Lecoufle, M. 1990. Nepenthes alata. In: Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation. Blandford, London. pp. 118–121.
- Macfarlane, J.M. (1927). "The Philippine species of Nepenthes". The Philippine Journal of Science. 33 (2): 127–140.
- (in Indonesian) Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias. In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
- McPherson, S.; Gronemeyer, T. (2008). "Die Nepenthesarten der Philippinen: eine Fotodokumentation". Das Taublatt (in German). 60: 34–78.
- Meimberg, H.; Dittrich, P.; Bringmann, G.; Schlauer, J.; Heubl, G. (2000). "Molecular phylogeny of Caryophyllidae s.l. based on matK sequences with special emphasis on carnivorous taxa". Plant Biology. 2 (2): 218–228. doi:10.1055/s-2000-9460.
- Meimberg, H.; Wistuba, A.; Dittrich, P.; Heubl, G. (2001). "Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data". Plant Biology. 3 (2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897.
- (in German) Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l.. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich.
- Meimberg, H.; Heubl, G. (2006). "Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae". Plant Biology. 8 (6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676. PMID 17203435.
- Merrill, E.D. 1905. Nepenthaceæ. In: A review of the identifications of the species described in Blanco's Flora de Filipinas. Bureau of Public Printing, Manila. p. 72.
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- Mey, F.S. 2013. Neotypification of Nepenthes blancoi and description of N. abalata a new species from the Philippines. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, February 11, 2013.
- Mey, F.S. 2013. Nepenthes alzapan and an army of new species from the Philippines. Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle, July 15, 2013.
- Mithöfer, A (2011). "Carnivorous pitcher plants: insights in an old topic". Phytochemistry. 72 (13): 1678–1682. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.024. PMID 21185041.
- Owen, T.P.; Lennon, K.A. (1999). "Structure and development of the pitchers from the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata (Nepenthaceae)" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 86 (10): 1382–1390. doi:10.2307/2656921. JSTOR 2656921. PMID 10523280. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-29.
- Owen, T.P.; Lennon, K.A.; Santo, M.J.; Anderson, A.N. (1999). "Pathways for nutrient transport in the pitchers of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes alata" (PDF). Annals of Botany. 84 (4): 459–466. doi:10.1006/anbo.1998.0944. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-27.
- Pavlovič, A.; Masarovičová, E.; Hudák, J. (2007). "Carnivorous syndrome in Asian pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes". Annals of Botany. 100 (3): 527–536. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm145. PMC 2533595. PMID 17664255.
- Renner, T.; Specht, C.D. (2011). "A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 172 (7): 889–901. doi:10.1086/660882.
- Riedel, M.; Eichner, A.; Jetter, R. (2003). "Slippery surfaces of carnivorous plants: composition of epicuticular wax crystals in Nepenthes alata Blanco pitchers". Planta. 218 (1): 87–97. doi:10.1007/s00425-003-1075-7. PMID 12883887.
- Rottloff, S.; Stieber, R.; Maischak, H.; Turini, F.G.; Heubl, G.; Mithöfer, A. (2011). "Functional characterization of a class III acid endochitinase from the traps of the carnivorous pitcher plant genus, Nepenthes". Journal of Experimental Botany. 62 (13): 4639–4647. doi:10.1093/jxb/err173. PMC 3170555. PMID 21633084.
- Santo, M.J.; Massa, J.S.; Owen, T.P. (1998). "Glandular secretion and absorption in the carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes alata". American Journal of Botany. 85 (Suppl): 92.
- Schlauer, J (2000). "Literature reviews" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. 29 (2): 53.
- Scholz, I.; Bückins, M.; Dolge, L.; Erlinghagen, T.; Weth, A.; Hischen, F.; Mayer, J.; Hoffmann, S.; Riederer, M.; Riedel, M.; Baumgartner, W. (2010). "Slippery surfaces of pitcher plants: Nepenthes wax crystals minimize insect attachment via microscopic surface roughness". Journal of Experimental Biology. 213 (7): 1115–1125. doi:10.1242/jeb.035618. PMID 20228348.
- Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes alata. In: Carnivorous Plants. Ebury Press, London. pp. 85–86.
- Sota, T.; Mogi, M.; Kato, K. (1998). "Local and regional-scale food web structure in Nepenthes alata pitchers". Biotropica. 30 (1): 82–91. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1998.tb00371.x.
- (in Indonesian) Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994. Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat. Project report, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
- Syamsuardi. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025849/http://repository.unand.ac.id/2819/1/Jurnal_07.pdf Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (Nepenthes) di Sumatera Barat.] [Numerical classification of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) in West Sumatra.]". Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam (in Indonesian). 4 (1): 48–57. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
{{cite journal}}: External link in|title= - Thornhill, A.H.; Harper, I.S.; Hallam, N.D. (2008). "The development of the digestive glands and enzymes in the pitchers of three Nepenthes species: N. alata, N. tobaica, and N. ventricosa (Nepenthaceae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 169 (5): 615–624. doi:10.1086/533599.
- Uy, B.D. (1990). "The granchina Nepenthes of the Philippines in retrospect" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. 19 (1–2): 18–19. doi:10.55360/cpn191-2.bu173.
- Wu, X.; Li, J.; Zhong, Q.; Wu, X. (2005). "猪笼草组培快繁技术" [Tissue culture and fast propagation in Nepenthes alata]. Nonwood Forest Research (in Chinese). 23 (4): 48–50.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nepenthes alata.
- Photographs of N. alata at the Carnivorous Plant Photofinder