Muhammad Saleh Kamboh

Muhammad Saleh Kamboh
Portrait of Muhammad Saleh Kamboh, 17th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art
Born
Mughal Empire
Diedc. 1675
Lahore, Subah of Lahore, Mughal Empire
EducationFluent in Arabic and Persian
OccupationsCourt chronicler
Military commander
ParentMir 'Abdullah Mushkin Qalam (father)[1]
RelativesInayat Allah Kamboh (brother)

Muhammad Saleh Kamboh Lahori was a noted Punjabi Muslim[2] calligraphist and official biographer of emperor Shah Jahan and the teacher of emperor Aurangzeb.

Though a widely read person, little is known of the life of Muhammad Saleh Kamboh other than the works he composed.[3] He was son of Mir Abdullah, Mushkin Kalam, whose title shows him to also have been a fine writer.[4][5] He is believed to be younger brother of Inayat-Allah Kamboh[6] and worked as a Shahi Dewan (minister) with the governor of Lahore. He held the rank of Sipahsalar.

Biography

His father was Mir 'Abdullah Mushkin Qalam, a famous Mughal calligrapher.[1]

In 1646, Muhammar Saleh replaced Abd al-Rashid Daylami chief librarian with Mir Salih. Around 1659 – 1660, he completed the Amal-i Salih or Shahjahan-nama. Amal-i-Salih is an account of the life and reign of Shah Jahan. However, the work also includes information on Shah Jahan's predecessors (particularly Akbar and Jahangir) and a compendium of biographies of the Shaikhs, poets, and other notables who were contemporaries with Shah Jahan. It is considered to be one of the most important original sources of events during Shah Jahan's reign. Muhammad Saleh was known as a poet by the Persian title Kashfi and by Arabic Subhan and is also stated to be an accomplished Urdu singer.[6][7][5][1] Sometimes in 1651–1652, he was replaced from his position head librarian by I'timad Khan, the title bestowed upon Muhammad Ashraf, eldest son of Islam Khan, who served as paymaster of the army during that time.[1]

During the rule of Aurangzeb, Muhammad Saleh served as his spiritual teacher.[Notes 1] It is also stated that when Shaikh Makhdum was appointed as Sadr-us-Sadur (chief justice) after death of Sadr Sharif Khan during the reign of Aurangzeb, Muhammad Salih Kamboh was appointed Peshdast (deputy).[11][12] In the list of mansabdars, Muhammad Saleh Kamboh was recorded as a commander of five hundred soldiers.[4][6][5] Along with Munnawar Khan, Muhammad Saleh maintained the Mughal empire's Dhow military transport fleets, and fought pirates.[13]

Death

It is claimed by some accounts that Muhammad Saleh Kamboh served as a Mughal admiral and was killed while fighting alongside his fleet against the Ahoms at Pandu on Bengal-Assam border while helping general Abdus Salam, the Faujdar (infantry commander) of Hajo, during the tenure of Islam Khan Mashadi, the Mughal governor of Bengal.[14][15][16] The event referred to above is said to date 1636 CE, which is incorrect, since Muhammad Saleh was very much alive and is known to have completed his Amal-i Salih in 1659/60 CE soon after Aurangzeb (Reign 1658 CE – 1707 CE) became the emperor of India in 1658 CE. According to Naimur Rehman Farooqi, the work was completed in 1669 CE.[17]

The date of Muhammad Saleh's death is not certain.[18] S. M. Latif states on unspecified authority in his works that Muhammad Saleh Kamboh died in A. H. 1085 (1675 CE).[19][20]

A mosque known as Saleh Kamboh Mosque has been built with his name in Mochi Gate, Walled City of Lahore.[20][21] He is buried in Lahore, though his grave location is currently disputed by the owners of the property.[22]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ through IslamQA.info,[8] Professor Muhammad al-Munajjid on his online correspondence has answered that he based his opinion Silk ad-Durar fi A‘yaan al-Qarn ath-Thaani ‘Ashar (4/113)[9] and Aurangzeb biography by Professor ‘Abd al-Mun‘im an-Nimr in his book Tareekh al-Islam fi’l-Hind.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Michael Friedrich (2023). François Déroche; Nuria de Castilla (eds.). Libraries in the Manuscript Age. De Gruyter. p. 31. doi:10.1515/9783110779653. ISBN 978-3-11-077965-3.
  2. ^ Dhavan, Purnima (2019). "5. Marking Boundaries and Building Bridges: Persian Scholarly Networks in Mughal Punjab". The Persianate World. University of California Press. p. 160. doi:10.1515/9780520972100-009. ISBN 978-0-520-97210-0.
  3. ^ "Hamdard Islamicus". Hamdard Islamicus. Hamdard National Foundation, Pakistan: 75. 1978.
  4. ^ a b Henry Miers Elliot; John Dowson (1877). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. p. 123.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c William Hook Morley (2008). A Descriptive Catalogue of the Historical Manuscripts in the Arabic and Persian Languages. p. 124.
  6. ^ a b c Henry Miers Elliot (1975). Shah Jahan. p. 131.
  7. ^ M. Lutfur Rahman (1970). Persian literature in India during the time of Jahangir and Shah Jahan. p. 171.
  8. ^ Muhammad Salih al-Munajjid (2015). "Biography of the Moghul ruler Aurangzeb; was he Salafi in his 'aqeedah?". IslamQA. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  9. ^ Muhammad Khalil Al-Muradi (1997). سلك الدرر في أعيان القرن الثاني عشر (in Arabic). Dar al Kutub al 'Alamiyya. p. 113. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  10. ^ Nimr, 'Abd al-Mun'im (1981). Tarikh al-Islam fi al-Hind. Beirut : Al-Mu'ssasah al-Jam'iyah al-Dirasat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi. pp. 286–288. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  11. ^ Muḥammad Sāqī Mustaʻidd Khān; Jadunath Sarkar (1981). Maāsir-i-ʻālamgiri: A History of the Emperor Aurangzib-ʻĀlamgir (reign 1658–1707 A.D.) of Saqi Mustʻad Khan. p. 138.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Bibliotheca Indica. Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India). 1947. p. 138.
  13. ^ Muzaffar Husain Syed; Syed Saud Akhtar; B.D. Usmani (2014). A Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India. p. 250. ISBN 978-9381411094.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. Pakistan Historical Society: 349. 1963.
  15. ^ Nagendra K. Singh. Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. pp. 169–170.
  16. ^ Edward Albert Gait (1906). A History of Assam. pp. 110–111.
  17. ^ Naimur Rahman Farooqi (1986). Mughal-Ottoman Relations: A Study of Political and Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748. p. 208.
  18. ^ Inayat Khan; Wayne Edison Begley; Ziyaud-Din A. Desai. (1990). The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan: An Abridged History of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, Compiled by His Royal Librarian: The Nineteenth-century Manuscript Translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, Add. 30,777). pp. xxviii.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ S. M. Latif (1992). Lahore, its history etc.
  20. ^ a b "Islamic Culture". Islamic Culture. Islamic Culture Board: 74. 1941.
  21. ^ "Saleh Kamboh Mosque". University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  22. ^ "Muhammad Saleh Kamboh's Tomb". University of Alberta. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
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