Ministry of Science (Spain)

Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades

Headquarters of the Ministry of Science
Agency overview
FormedApril 5, 1979 (1979-04-05) (as Ministry of Universities and Research)
Preceding agencies
TypeMinistry
JurisdictionGovernment of Spain
HeadquartersPaseo de la Castellana, 162
Madrid, Spain
Employees23,475 (2023)[note 1][1]
Annual budget€8.2 billion, 2026
Minister responsible
Agency executives
WebsiteMinistry of Science (in spanish)

The Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MICIU) is the department of the Government of Spain responsible for developing and implementing the government policy on scientific research, technological development and innovation in all sectors. The MICIU is also responsible for the space and university policies and it represents Spain before the European Union and other international organizations within its competence, in coordination with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[2]

In Spain, the General State Administration and the regions share the responsibilities in the promotion of scientific and technical research, with the State being responsible for general coordination in this area. In this regard, the Constitutional Court has reiterated its doctrine in relation to State coordination, denying that it can reach such a degree of specificity and development that it leaves the powers of the Spanish regions empty of content, and a balance of powers must be guaranteed.[3] This coordination is carried out through the Scientific, Technological and Innovation Policy Council (CPCTI).[4]

With regard to university education, and respecting the autonomy of universities, the Ministry of Science establishes the university policy and defines the framework for the creation and recognition of universities, as well as official degrees, while the regions develop the regulations and ensure their compliance. To coordinate all actors involved, the Ministry has a General Conference on University Policy and a University Council.[5]

The department was first created in 1979, together with the Ministry of Territorial Policy, and has existed independently in four different stages. It is headed by the Minister of Science, a Cabinet position appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The current minister is Diana Morant since 2021.[6][7]

History

See also: History of science and technology in Spain

Early years

Historically, cultural and scientific responsibilities were assumed directly by the Spanish monarchs, both through private commissions and the creation of scientific and cultural institutions such as the royal academies. However, over time, these responsibilities were delegated to the various government departments that were created from the 18th century onwards to manage increasingly complex administrative apparatus. Thus, from the beginning of this century, the Secretariats of State and of the Office assumed these responsibilities, first the Secretariat of Justice and then the Secretariat of the Interior.

After the creation of the Ministry of Development in 1847, these responsibilities were unified under this new department, closely linked to everything related to education, which is why, both in the project of the Ministry of Public Instruction of 1886[8] and in the definitive creation of this Ministry in 1900, these powers were part of the new ministry.[9]

Evolution of science in the administration

Throughout the 20th century, the Ministry of Education assumed responsibility for scientific matters. Initially, these responsibilities were assigned to the Ministry's under-secretary, through sections such as those for Universities and Institutes, and Fine Arts.[10]

Over time, the number and rank of these bodies increased, with the establishment of some new ones such as the Directorate-General for Fine Arts in 1915, and the first organizations for the promotion of scientific research were created, as was the case of the Board for the Extension of Studies and Scientific Research (Spanish: Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas, JAE) in 1907, promoted by The Count of Gimeno, Minister of Education, and led by Nobel Prize winner Santiago Ramón y Cajal until his death in 1934.[11] The JAE created dozens of laboratories, research centers and gave hundreds of scholarships for research abroad as well as connecting intellectuals from Spain and the rest of Europe.[12] This Board was replaced in 1939 by the current Spanish National Research Council (CSIC),[13] which has since been the main scientific organization in Spain.

In 1938, the Institute of Spain was founded to group and coordinate the activity of the existing royal academies[14] and, twenty years later, the Advisory Committee on Scientific and Technical Research was created, attached to the Office of the Prime Minister, to promote and modernize Spanish science policy.[15]

Following this trend, the importance of science was such that in 1966 the Ministry of Education itself was renamed as "Ministry of Education and Science",[16] science policies were implemented through more specialized administrative bodies, such as the Directorate-General for Higher Education and Research[17]. Towards the end of this period, this directorate-general focused solely on higher education and, in 1976, an independent directorate-general for science was created, the Directorate-General for Scientific Policy.[18]

At the end of the 1970s, other organizations were created, such as the Canary Islands Institute of Astrophysics and the Centre for Industrial Technological Development,[19] and the scientific-university responsibilities were once more elevated in rank with the creation of the position of Secretary of State for Universities and Research in 1977.[20]

First Ministry of Science

1979 was a key year for science policy in Spain. In this year, the Ministry of Universities and Research was created, the first independent science ministry, which assumed the Ministry of Education and Science's powers exercised through the Secretariat of State for Universities and Research, which was abolished, as well as the directorates-general for Universities and Scientific Policy, the CSIC, the Institute of Spain, and the Advisory Commission for Scientific and Technical Research, which until then had been under the Prime Minister's Office.[21]

This department only lasted two years, being abolished in February 1981 and its functions returning to the Department of Education. When the four rectors of Madrid's universities were asked about the elimination of the ministry, their opinions differed. Francisco Bustelo (UCM) considered it a setback, while Rafael Portaencasa (UPM) and Tomás Ramón Fernández (UNED) saw no major problem. Pedro Martínez Montávez (UAM) declined to comment, believing the ministry had no time to develop its policies. All four did agree on the importance of maintaining the budget and the potential influence of the reinstated Secretariat of State for Universities and Research.[22]

During its existence, noteworthy events included the creation of the psychology faculties in 1979, the founding of the Royal Academy of Letters and Arts of Extremadura, and the transformation of the Menéndez Pelayo International University (UIMP) into an autonomous agency, the latter in 1980. Also in that year, the National Museum of Science and Technology (MUNCYT) was created, at that time dependent on the Ministry of Culture, and the Nuclear Safety Council (CSN) was established, an independent agency that partially replaced the Nuclear Energy Board (JEN) ​​in its functions of control and guarantee of nuclear safety and radiological protection.

1986 Science Law

During the interregnum that followed the elimination of the ministry and, after criticism from prestigious Spanish scientists such as Nobel Prize winner Severo Ochoa due to the passivity of Spanish institutions in relation to science,[23] the first science law was approved, Law 13/1986, of April 14, on the Promotion and General Coordination of Scientific and Technical Research, which established, for the first time, a permanent scientific and technological policy in Spain.[24]

Thanks to this law, the country went from contributing 0.3 % to world scientific knowledge in 1981 to 3.1 % in 2003.[24] Also, this norm reformed the Nuclear Energy Board, whose powers had been reduced since 1980, renaming it as Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research (CIEMAT) and establishing it as a scientific and technological research agency in the fields of energy and environment.[25] At the same time, the Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII) was founded.[26]

Present

After two decades in the Education Department, in 2000 prime minister José María Aznar created the Ministry of Science and Technology that unified the responsibilities on scientific research of the Ministry of Education, and the powers over technological development of the Ministry of Industry and Energy, including telecommunications. The tertiary education policy remained in the Ministry of Education.[27] Minister Anna Birulés, addressing the Congress of Deputies' Science and Technology Committee, defined the ministry as follows:[28]

It is in this context that we must understand the timely creation of this Ministry of Science and Technology, which has the challenge but also the opportunity to make a reality, within the time horizon of this legislature, the determined process of promoting the culture of innovation in our country, following the commitment made by the Prime Minister in his investiture speech.

— BIRULÉS, A., Congress Journal, Wednesday, June 21, 2000.

This stage did not bring many new developments in the scientific field, but it did in the technological field, since thanks to the impetus of the newly created Secretariat of State for Telecommunications and the Information Society the "Info XXI" Action Plan was designed in 2001, and the first Internet laws were approved: Law on Information Society Services and Electronic Trade (2002), General Telecommunications Law (2003) and Law on Electronic Signatures (2003). Also, the state-owned enterprise "Red.es" was launched.[29]

The change of government in 2004 meant another dissolution for the ministerial department and another reintegration into the Ministry of Education. However, in his second term, prime minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero once again granted ministerial status to scientific responsibilities with the Ministry of Science and Innovation, with the aim, as explained by minister Cristina Garmendia, of "being less focused on construction and more focused on knowledge services, investing more in science and technology, helping companies to innovate, and coordinating universities and research centers".[30] In 2009, university responsibilities were transferred back to the Department of Education.[31]

However, the dependence on construction did not stop and with the outbreak of the property bubble and the 2008 financial crisis, the conservative government of Mariano Rajoy, in an effort to reduce public spending, reduced the size of the Administration merging the Ministry of Science and Innovation with the Ministry of Economy.[32][33] During the premiership of Mariano Rajoy, the State Research Agency was also created, with numerous delays,[34] and is currently the main scientific funding agency in Spain, along with the CDTI.[35]

The push into space

Already with a better economic situation, in 2018 prime minister Pedro Sánchez heeded the demands of the scientific community[36] and reinstated the department with scientific and university responsibilities, appointing astronaut Pedro Duque as minister.[37][38] As a result of this minister's influence, for the first time it is expressly established that the department would have powers in space matters.[39]

On the other hand, although Duque initially ruled it out, Moncloa Chief of Staff and Secretary of the National Security Council, Iván Redondo, announced in 2021 that the government would promote the creation of the Spanish Space Agency (AEE),[40][41] since these responsibilities were dispersed among various government bodies, such as the National Institute for Aerospace Technology (INTA) and the CDTI. The new Science Law of 2022 provided for this,[42] and finally, the Council of Ministers approved this new agency in March 2023, which directly assumed this area of ​​responsibility.[43] In this context, the Air Force was renamed as Air and Space Force[44] and a Space Command was created,[45]​ while Spain joined NASA's Artemis program.[46]

In addition to the 2022 Science Law, this period was also marked by the loss of university powers in 2020, which were transferred to an independent department. This move was met with disapproval from the rectors of Spanish universities, who considered it a "setback"[47][48] and from the minister of universities himself, Manuel Castells, who believed that science and universities had an "intrinsic and fundamental relationship".[49] Three years later, in November 2023, and after years of pressure by the scientific and university communities, the Prime Minister abolished the Universities Department and its responsibilities returned to this department.[50]

Organization

As of 2026, this is the organization of the Ministry:[2]

Ministry Organization (2026)
Minister Cabinet
Secretary of State for
Science, Innovation and Universities 		General Secretariat for Research
Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII)
Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT)
Canary Islands Institute of Astrophysics (IAC)
General Secretariat for Universities
Menéndez Pelayo International University (UIMP)
National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation (ANECA)
Spanish Service for the Internationalization of Education (SEPIE)
National University of Distance Education (UNED)
College of Spain in Paris
General Secretariat for Innovation
Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI)
Spanish Space Agency (AEE)
Special Commissioner for Vanguard Health
Directorate-General for Planning, Coordination and Knowledge Transfer
Deputy Directorate-General for Institutional Relations and International Coordination
State Research Agency (AEI)
National Museum of Science and Technology (MUNCYT)
Under-Secretary Technical General Secretariat
Deputy Directorate-General for Human Resources and Inspection of Services
Administrative Office
Deputy Directorate-General for Economic Management
Budget Office
Deputy Directorate-General for European Research, Innovation and University Funds
IT Division
Institute of Spain

Advisory bodies

  • The Scientific, Technological and Innovation Policy Council.
  • The Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council
  • The Spanish Research Ethics Committee
  • The Observatory "Women, Science and Innovation"
  • The University Policy General Conference
  • The University Council.
  • The State University Student Council.
  • The Spanish Polar Committee.

Headquarters

The Ministry of Science is one of the government departments located at the Cuzco Government Complex in Madrid. Specifically, this ministry is located at number 162 Paseo de la Castellana (Cuzco Tower), a building that also houses the Ministry of Economy.

Furthermore, the department's agencies have their own headquarters, most of which are located in Madrid. However, the Canary Islands Institute of Astrophysics, located in San Cristóbal de La Laguna (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), and the Spanish Space Agency, headquartered in Seville, stand out in this regard.[51]

Historic headquarters

During the first period of this department's existence (1979–1981), it was located at number 150 Serrano Street in Madrid. When the decision was made to install the department there, the building was occupied by the Institute for Rationalization and Standardization (IRANOR), which had to vacate it almost without prior notice.[52] The building must have had ventilation problems because, in the summer of 1980, the staff suffered the discomfort of working due to the high temperatures of the Madrid summer.[53] After the department was disestablished, it continued to house scientific offices such as the Secretariat of State for Universities and Research.[54]

In its second period (2000–2004), the Ministry's main headquarters were located at number 160 Paseo de la Castellana, the traditional headquarters of the Ministry of Industry at the Cuzco Government Complex,[55] which was vacant during this period, since the Department of Industry was abolished and the Department of Science assumed industrial responsibilities. At the same time, the Palacio de Cibeles (also known as Palace of Communications) served as the secondary headquarters, since the services of the Secretariat of State for Telecommunications and the Information Society were located there.[55][56][57]

Finally, in its third period (2008–2011) it was installed at number 5 Albacete Street in Madrid, a building known as "Los Cubos" ("The Cubes"),[58] a building rented by the Ministry of Education and Science to house the Secretariat fof State for Universities and Research, which, after the further dissolution of the Department of Science in 2011, continued to house the services of the Secretariat of State for Research, Development and Innovation until 2015.[59]

Budget

For fiscal year 2024, extended to 2026, the Ministry of Science has a consolidated budget of €8.2 billion.[60]

The Ministry participates in 24 programs of the General State Budget. Among the regular programs, Program 463B "Promotion and coordination of scientific and technical research", with a budget of almost 3.02 billion euros, Program 241B "Technological and industrial research and development", with 1.49 billion euros, and Program 463A "Scientific research", which manages 1.22 billion euros, stand out.[60]

List of officeholders

Office name:

  • Ministry of Universities and Research (1979–1981)
  • Ministry of Science and Technology (2000–2004)
  • Ministry of Science and Innovation (2008–2011; 2020–2023)
  • Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (2018–2020; 2023–present)
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term of office Party Government Prime Minister
(Tenure) 		Ref.
Took office Left office Duration
Luis González Seara
(1936–2016) 		6 April
1979 		27 February
1981 		1 year and 327 days UCD Suárez III Adolfo Suárez

(1976–1981) 		[61]
[62]
Juan Antonio Ortega y Díaz-Ambrona
(born 1939) 		27 February
1981 		7 March
1981 		8 days UCD Calvo-Sotelo Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo

(1981–1982) 		[63]
[64]
Office disestablished during this interval.[a]
Anna Birulés
(born 1954) 		28 April
2000 		10 July
2002 		2 years and 73 days Independent Aznar II José María Aznar

(1996–2004) 		[65]
[66]
Josep Piqué
(1955–2023) 		10 July
2002 		4 September
2003 		1 year and 56 days PP [67]
[68]
Juan Costa
(born 1965) 		4 September
2003 		18 April
2004 		227 days PP [69]
[70]
Office disestablished during this interval.[b]
Cristina Garmendia
(born 1962) 		14 April
2008 		22 December
2011 		3 years and 252 days Independent Zapatero II José Luis
Rodríguez Zapatero

(2004–2011) 		[71]
[72]
Office disestablished during this interval.[c]
Pedro Duque
(born 1963) 		7 June
2018 		13 January
2020 		3 years and 35 days Independent Sánchez I Pedro Sánchez

(2018–present) 		[73]
[74]
[75]
13 January
2020 		12 July
2021 		Sánchez II
Diana Morant
(born 1980) 		12 July
2021 		21 November
2023 		4 years and 257 days PSOE [76]
[77]
21 November
2023 		Incumbent Sánchez III

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The department's competences were transferred to the Ministry of Education and Science between 1981 and 1996, and to the Ministry of Education and Culture between 1996 and 2000.
  2. ^ The department's competences were transferred to the Ministry of Education and Science between 2004 and 2008.
  3. ^ The department's competences were transferred to the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness between 2011 and 2016, and to the Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness between 2016 and 2018.

Notes and references

  1. ^ "Personal al servicio del Sector Público Estatal". www.igae.pap.hacienda.gob.es. 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Royal Decree 472/2024, of May 7, by which the basic organic structure of the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities is developed". www.boe.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  3. ^ Bueso, Laura Díez (2013-08-05). "La gobernanza del sistema español de ciencia, tecnología e innovación". Revista de Bioética y Derecho (in Spanish): 20–32. doi:10.1344/rbd2013.28.7489. ISSN 1886-5887.
  4. ^ admin (2012-09-19). "Creación del Consejo de Política Científica, Tecnológica y de Innovación | FI Group España". Spain (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2025-06-27.
  5. ^ Royal Household (23 March 2023). "Ley Orgánica 2/2023, de 22 de marzo, del Sistema Universitario". www.boe.es. Retrieved 19 March 2026.
  6. ^ Jones, Sam (2018-06-06). "Spanish PM appoints 11 women and six men to new cabinet". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
  7. ^ esa. "ESA astronaut Pedro Duque appointed to new Spanish government". European Space Agency. Retrieved 2018-06-16.
  8. ^ "Royal decree abolishing from next July 1 the Ministry of Development, which will be replaced by two others that will be called the Ministry of Public Instruction and of Sciences, Letters and Fine Arts and the Ministry of Public Works, Agriculture, Industry and Trade" (PDF). www.boe.es (in Spanish). 8 May 1886. Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  9. ^ Office of the Prime Minister (19 April 1900). "Royal decree abolishing the Ministry of Development and creating in its place two new ministries" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid. Retrieved 6 March 2026.
  10. ^ Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts (20 July 1900). "Royal order approving the internal regulations of the Ministry of Public Instruction and Fine Arts" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). p. 278. Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  11. ^ Serrano Sanz, José María (2023). "Una reinterpretación de la Junta para Ampliación de Estudios" [A reinterpretation of the Board for the Extension of Studies] (PDF). Anales de la Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas (in Spanish) (86). Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences: 439. ISSN 0210-4121.
  12. ^ "Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Junta para Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas". www.jae2010.csic.es. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
  13. ^ Navas-Fernández, Miguel; Abadal, Ernest; Rodríguez, Rosângela S. (2018). "Internationality of Spanish scholarly journals indexed in Web of Science and Scopus". Revista Española de Documentación Científica. 41 (3). Spanish National Research Council: 2. doi:10.3989/redc.2018.3.1498. eISSN 1988-4621. ISSN 0210-0614.
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  19. ^ Ministry of Industry and Energy (12 September 1977). "Real Decreto 2341/1977, de 5 de agosto, por el que se crea el Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (CEDETI)". Official State Gazette (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  20. ^ Office of the Prime Minister (5 July 1977). "Real Decreto 1558/1977, de 4 de julio, por el que se reestructuran determinados Organos de la Administración Central del Estado". Official State Gazette (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  21. ^ Office of the Prime Minister (6 April 1979). "Real Decreto 708/1979, de 5 de abril, por el que se reestructuran determinados Organos de la Administración Central del Estado". Official State Gazette (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  22. ^ El País (4 March 1981). "Los rectores madrileños consideran "precipitada" la supresión del Ministerio de Universidades". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 2026-03-16.
  23. ^ Gonzalo, José María Aguirre; Cabrera, Nicolas; Figuera, Diego; Covian, Francisco Grande; Grisolía, Santiago; Lapesa, Rafael; Ochoa, Severo; Prevosti, Antonio; Delgado, José Manuel Rodríguez (1980-10-08). "Manifiesto de los científicos españoles ante la situación de la investigación en el país". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 11 September 2025. Retrieved 2026-03-16.
  24. ^ a b Fernández de Labastida, José Manuel (2006). "La Ley de la Ciencia de 1986 y la Ley de Agencias Estatales de 2006" (PDF). Revista madri+d: revista de investigación en gestión de la innovación y tecnología (in Spanish): 1. ISSN 1579-9417.
  25. ^ Royal Household (1986-04-18), Ley 13/1986, de 14 de abril, de Fomento y Coordinación General de la Investigación Científica y Técnica (in Spanish), pp. 13767–13771, retrieved 2026-03-16
  26. ^ Nájera Morrondo, Rafael (2019). "Chapter 7. The Carlos III Institute of Health. Conception and Development". El Instituto de Salud Carlos III en el marco de la evolución de la Salud Pública (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 369. Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  27. ^ Office of the Prime Minister (28 April 2000). "Royal Decree 557/2000, of April 27, on the restructuring of ministerial departments". Official State Gazette. pp. 16445–16446. Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  28. ^ Congress of Deputies (21 June 2000). "Journal, WEDNESDAY, June 21, 2000" (PDF). www.congreso.es (in Spanish). p. 667. Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  29. ^ Adsuara, Borja (2020-02-12). "20 años de políticas de Sociedad de la Información". La información (in Spanish). Retrieved 2026-03-16.
  30. ^ "Cristina Garmendia, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación". Club de Innovación (in European Spanish). 2008-04-14. Retrieved 2026-03-16.
  31. ^ Díaz, Ángel (2009). "Decepción científica con la «rectificación» ministerial de Zapatero". www.elmundo.es. Retrieved 16 March 2026.
  32. ^ Catanzaro, Michele (2011). "Spain cuts science ministry in government changeover". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2011.9725. S2CID 159821556.
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  36. ^ "Científicos piden a Pedro Sánchez un Ministerio de Ciencia aunque dicen no esperar 'grandes cambios'". El Periódico (in Spanish). 2018-06-01. Retrieved 2026-03-16.
  37. ^ Moro-Martín, Amaya (2018-07-13). "Spain's good news". Science. 361 (6398): 111. Bibcode:2018Sci...361..111M. doi:10.1126/science.aau6630. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30002229. S2CID 51620817.
  38. ^ RTVE.es (2018-06-06). "El viaje de Pedro Duque, de San Blas al espacio y ahora al Ministerio de Ciencia". RTVE.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 2026-03-16.
  39. ^ Ministerio de Política Territorial y Función Pública (2018-07-14), Real Decreto 865/2018, de 13 de julio, por el que se desarrolla la estructura orgánica básica del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, pp. 71032–71049, retrieved 2026-03-16
  40. ^ Madrid, TERESA GUERRERO @teresaguerrerof (2021-05-27). "El Gobierno anuncia por sorpresa la creación de una Agencia Espacial Española que Duque había descartado". ELMUNDO (in Spanish). Retrieved 2026-03-16.
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  1. ^ It includes the number of employes of the UNED. In the other hand, Spain has more than 230,000 university employees although universities are independent.
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