Mangkunegaran
Principality of Mangkunegaran
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1757–present | |||||||||
Flag | |||||||||
The realm of the Principality of Mangkunegaran (pink) in 1830 | |||||||||
| Capital | Mangkunegaran | ||||||||
| Common languages | Javanese | ||||||||
| Religion | Islam | ||||||||
| Government | Absolute monarchy (until 1945) Devolved Constitutional monarchy within the unitary presidential republic (from 1945) | ||||||||
| Duke | |||||||||
• 1757–1795 | Mangkunegara Ia | ||||||||
• 1795–1835 | Mangkunegara IIa | ||||||||
• 1916–1944 | Mangkunegara VIIb | ||||||||
• 1987–2021 | Mangkunegara IX | ||||||||
• 2022–present | Mangkunegara X | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Treaty of Salatiga | 1757 | ||||||||
• Integration with Indonesia | present | ||||||||
Website mangkunegaran | |||||||||
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| Today part of | Indonesia | ||||||||
a. Prince Mangkunegara I b. Prince Mangkunegara IX; Mangkunegaran integration with Indonesia. | |||||||||
The Principality of Mangkunegaran (Indonesian: Kadipaten Mangkunegaran) was a small Javanese princely state located within the region of Surakarta in Indonesia. It was established in 1757 by Raden Mas Said, when he submitted his army to Pakubuwono III in February, and swore allegiance to the rulers of Surakarta, Yogyakarta, and the Dutch East Indies Company, and was given an appanage of 4000 households.[1]
The Palace of the rulers of Mangkunegaran was established by Raden Mas Said who signed a treaty with the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1757. By the treaty, he became the ruler of a part of Eastern Mataram and was henceforth known as Mangkunegara I. Known as Pura Mangkunegaran, the palace is located in the center of the city of Solo.[2]
Formation
Mangkunegaran is formed based on the Treaty of Salatiga (or Kalicacing Treaty) that was signed on 17 March 1757 in Salatiga to appease the rebellion conducted by Raden Mas Said (Prince Sambernyawa) against the Dutch East India Company and Pakubuwono III, the Sunan of Surakarta Sunanate after the breakup of the Mataram Sultanate through the Treaty of Giyanti signed two years prior.[3]
Based on the Treaty of Salatiga, Raden Mas Said was given the title of Pangeran Miji[4] and gained the right to control the lungguh region to the north, east, and southeast of the capital of the Surakarta Sunanate. The area of this region is relatively 49% of the Nagara Agung (the core area around the capital) of the Surakarta Sunanate after 1830, namely at the end of the Diponegoro War. Its territory now includes the northern part of Surakarta (the entire Banjarsari District and parts of the northern side of Jebres and Laweyan Districts, Surakarta), the entirety of Karanganyar Regency, Wonogiri Regency, and parts of the Ngawen and Semin Districts in Gunung Kidul Regency.[5][6][7]
Politics
By tradition, the rulers of Mangkunegaran was called Mangkunegara. Raden Mas Said became the 1st Duke of Mangkunegaran. They ruled from their official seat of Pura Mangkunegaran in Surakarta. The ruler of the Mangkunegaran Palace, based on the agreement that established it, is entitled to the title of Pangeran Adipati (formally Kangjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya Mangkunegara Senapati ing Ayudha Sudibyaningprang), but not the title of Susuhunan or Sultan. The Mangkunegaran Palace is a Duchy, thus its position is lower than that of the Surakarta Sunanate and the Yogyakarta Sultanate.[4] This distinct status is reflected in several traditions that still exist today, such as the number of bedhaya dancers, which is seven, rather than nine, as in the Surakarta Sunanate. However, unlike the Duchy of Surakarta in earlier periods, Mangkunegaran enjoyed extensive autonomy, having the right to maintain its own independent army (known as the Mangkunegaran Legion) without intervention from the Sunanate.[6]
After the independence of Indonesia, the ruling duke Mangkunegara VIII together with Sunan Pakubuwono XII pledged to have their realms be part of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia on 19 August 1945, further legalized by a royal decree on 1 September 1945. Initially, the Mangkunegaran and the Sunanate of Surakarta became the Special Region of Surakarta. However due to political instability, the special region status was revoked by the central government. The Mangkunegaran Palace continues to function as a ceremonial monarchy, guarding Javanese culture, particularly the Javanese gagrag (style) culture of Surakarta sub-Mangkunegaran. After Mangkunegara VIII died and his first son, G.P.H. Raditya Prabukusuma, had already died before him, the next heir to the throne was his second son, G.P.H. Sujiwakusuma, who later took the title Mangkunegara IX.[8]
The rulers of the Mangkunegaran Kingdom are not buried in the Imogiri Palace, but rather in the Mangadeg Palace and Girilayu Palace, located on the slopes of Mount Lawu in Karanganyar Regency. The exception is the tomb of Mangkunegara VI, who is buried in the North Palace in Surakarta.
The official colors of the Mangkunegaran flag are golden yellow and green, nicknamed Pareanom (young pare), which can be seen on the emblem, flag, pataka, and samir worn by the courtiers and relatives of the Mangkunegaran Palace.
List of The Ruler of Mangkunegaran
The Duke of Mangkunegaran holds a title Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Aryo (His Royal Highness Duke)
List of adipatis of Mangkunegaran (1757–present)
This list is of ruling dates. Noted that the marriage(s) lists below were only included the royal consort(s), not included the concubine(s).
| Name | Portrait | Birth | Marriage(s) | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mangkunegara I Raden Mas Said 17 March 1757 – 28 December 1795 (38 years, 287 days) |
Kartasura 7 April 1725 Grandson of Amangkurat IV |
|
Surakarta 28 December 1795 Aged 70 years, 265 days | |
| Mangkunegara II Bendara Raden Mas Sulama 25 January 1796 – 17 January 1835 (38 years, 358 days) |
Surakarta 5 January 1768 Grandson of Mangkunegara I |
|
Surakarta 17 January 1836 Aged 68 years, 12 days | |
| Mangkunegara III Bendara Raden Mas Sarengat 23 January 1835 – 8 January 1853 (17 years, 352 days) |
Surakarta 16 January 1803 Grandson of Mangkunegara II |
42 children |
Surakarta 8 January 1853 Aged 49 years, 358 days | |
| Mangkunegara IV Bendara Raden Mas Sudira 27 January 1853 – 2 September 1881 (28 years, 219 days) |
Surakarta 3 March 1811 Grandson of Mangkunegara II |
|
Surakarta 2 September 1881 Aged 70 years, 183 days | |
| Mangkunegara V Gusti Raden Mas Sunita 5 September 1881 – 10 October 1896 (15 years, 36 days) |
Surakarta 4 April 1855 Son of Mangkunegara IV |
|
Wonogiri 10 October 1896 Aged 41 years, 189 days | |
| Mangkunegara VI Gusti Raden Mas Suyitna 21 November 1896 – 11 January 1916 (19 years, 52 days) |
Surakarta 1 March 1857 Son of Mangkunegara IV |
|
Surabaya 25 June 1928 Aged 71 years, 116 days | |
| Mangkunegara VII Bendara Raden Mas Surya Suprapta 1916 – 19 July 1944 (28 years, 191 days) |
Surakarta 12 November 1885 Son of Mangkunegara V |
7 children |
Surakarta 19 July 1944 Aged 58 years, 250 days | |
| Mangkunegara VIII Bendara Raden Mas Surata Natasuparta 19 July 1944 – 2 August 1962 (18 years, 15 days) |
Surakarta 7 April 1925 Son of Mangkunegara VII |
8 children |
Jakarta 2 August 1987 Aged 62 years, 117 days | |
| Mangkunegara IX Gusti Pangeran Harya Sujiwakusuma[a] 3 September 1987 – 13 August 2021 (45 years, 328 days) |
Surakarta 18 August 1951 Son of Mangkunegara VIII |
|
Jakarta 13 August 2021 Aged 69 years, 360 days | |
| Mangkunegara X Gusti Pangeran Harya Bhre Cakrahutomo Wira Sudjiwo[b] 12 March 2022 – present (4 years, 13 days) |
Surakarta 29 March 1997 Son of Mangkunegara IX |
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Ricklefs, M.C. (1994). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300 (Second ed.). Stanford, CT: Stanford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0804721950.
- ^ BOL - Mangkunegara I
- ^ Hastuti, Dhian Lestari; Santosa, Imam; Syarief, Achmad (November 2020). "Indis Style Sebagai Representasi Kadipaten Mangkunegaran di Surakarta". Gestalt. 2 (2). Jawa Timur: Fakultas Arsitektur dan Desain, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran": 148. doi:10.33005/gestalt.v2i2.66. ISSN 2657-1641.
- ^ a b Wasino (2014). Modernisasi di Jantung Budaya Jawa: Mangkunegaran 1896-1944. Jakarta: Kompas Media Nusantara.
- ^ Wasino (2008). Kapitalisme Bumi Putra: Perubahan Masyarakat Mangkunegaran. Yogyakarta: PT LKiS Pelangi Aksara. pp. 12–15. ISBN 9789791283113.
- ^ a b Adiwardoyo, Sutrisno (1974). Pertumbuhan Kadipaten Mangkunegaran Sampai Masuknya ke Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Surakarta: Institut Keguruan Ilmu Pendidikan.
- ^ Wasino (1994). Kebijaksanaan Pembaharuan Pemerintahan Praja Mangkunegaran: Akhir Abad XIX-Pertengahan Abad XX. Universitas Gajah Mada. pp. 50–60.
- ^ Adiwardoyo, Sutrisno (1974). Pertumbuhan Kadipaten Mangkunegaran Sampai Masuknya ke Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Surakarta: Institut Keguruan Ilmu Pendidikan.
External links